Residuos de tetraciclinas, macrólidos y betalactámicos en productos pecuarios destinados a consumo humano: Una revisión bibliográfica

Cristofer Jesús Alava-Hidalgo; Ronald René Vera-Mejía

doi:10.56124/allpa.v8i16.0132

Autores/as

Alava-Hidalgo Cristofer Jesús Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manual Félix López. Calceta, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5652-5478
Vera-Mejía Ronald René Escuela Superior Politécnica Agropecuaria de Manabí Manual Félix López. Calceta, Ecuador. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8663-2943

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56124/allpa.v8i16.0132

Palabras clave:

residuos de antibióticos, productos pecuarios, límites máximos residuales, salud pública, resistencia antimicrobiana

Resumen

La presente revisión bibliográfica analiza la presencia de residuos de antibióticos (principalmente tetraciclinas, macrólidos y betalactámicos) en productos pecuarios destinados al consumo humano y sus implicaciones en la salud pública. El estudio se desarrolló bajo los lineamientos PRISMA, a partir de una búsqueda sistemática en bases de datos científicas internacionales (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, entre otras) comprendida entre los años 2015 y 2025. De los 520 registros iniciales, se seleccionaron 32 estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y calidad metodológica. Los resultados evidencian una alta prevalencia de residuos antimicrobianos en carne, leche y huevos, con concentraciones que en numerosos casos superan los límites máximos residuales (LMR) establecidos por la FAO, OMS y Codex Alimentarius. Dichos hallazgos revelan un uso inadecuado de los antibióticos en la producción animal, la falta de cumplimiento de los períodos de retiro y la debilidad de los sistemas de control sanitario. La presencia de estos residuos representa un riesgo directo para la salud humana por su relación con reacciones alérgicas, alteraciones en el microbiota intestinal y, especialmente, con el desarrollo de resistencia antimicrobiana.

Palabras clave: residuos de antibióticos, productos pecuarios, límites máximos residuales, salud pública, resistencia antimicrobiana.

Abstract

This literature review analyzes the presence of antibiotic residues—primarily tetracyclines, macrolides, and beta-lactams—in livestock products intended for human consumption and their implications for public health. The study was conducted under PRISMA guidelines, based on a systematic search of international scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, among others) between 2015 and 2025. Of the 520 initial records, 32 studies were selected that met the inclusion and methodological quality criteria. The results show a high prevalence of antimicrobial residues in meat, milk, and eggs, with concentrations that in many cases exceed the maximum residual limits (MRLs) established by the FAO, WHO, and Codex Alimentarius. These findings reveal inappropriate use of antibiotics in animal production, lack of compliance with withdrawal periods, and weak sanitary control systems. The presence of these residues represents a direct risk to human health due to their association with allergic reactions, alterations in the intestinal microbiota and, especially, the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Keywords: antibiotic residues, livestock products, maximum residue limits, public health, antimicrobial resistance.

Fecha de recepción: 09 de abril de 2025; Fecha de aceptación: 18 de junio de 2025; Fecha de publicación: 09 de julio del 2025.

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