Efecto de la gastroenteritis post-destete sobre el desempeño productivo de lechones: revisión narrativa
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56124/allpa.v9i17.0152Palabras clave:
Productividad porcina, integridad intestinal, disbiosis intestinal, lechones destetadosResumen
La gastroenteritis post-destete (GPD) representa uno de los problemas sanitarios y productivos más relevantes en la porcicultura actual, dado que compromete la salud intestinal, el crecimiento y la eficiencia alimenticia de los lechones. El presente estudio se desarrolló bajo el objetivo de analizar el efecto de la GPD sobre el rendimiento productivo en lechones, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura científica. Se desarrolló una revisión bibliográfica con enfoque narrativo, basada en una búsqueda sistematizada en bases de datos científicas de alto impacto, priorizando literatura en español e inglés publicada entre 2014 y 2024 relacionada con la GPD en sistemas porcinos intensivos. La evidencia teórica fue procesada de forma descriptiva y se organizó en un marco conceptual por ejes. Los resultados determinan que la GPD deriva de la disbiosis intestinal, la inmadurez digestiva y la disminución transitoria de la inmunidad local que ocurren tras el destete. Estas alteraciones comprometen la integridad de la mucosa, facilitan la colonización de patógenos y generan atrofia de vellosidades y mayor permeabilidad intestinal. En el ámbito productivo, se asocia con una menor ganancia diaria de peso, reducción de la eficiencia alimenticia, aumento de la morbilidad y, en casos más severos, incrementos en la mortalidad. Se concluye que la GPD constituye un desafío central para la salud intestinal y la productividad porcina, puesto que combina factores fisiológicos, microbianos e inmunológicos que vuelven al lechón altamente susceptible durante el destete.
Palabras clave: Productividad porcina, integridad intestinal, disbiosis intestinal, lechones destetados.
Abstract
Post-weaning gastroenteritis (PWGE) represents one of the most significant health and production problems in modern pig farming, as it compromises the intestinal health, growth, and feed efficiency of piglets. The present study was conducted with the aim of analyzing the effect of PWGE on the productive performance of piglets through a narrative review of the scientific literature. A narrative-based literature review was conducted, based on a systematic search of high-impact scientific databases, prioritizing literature in Spanish and English published between 2010 and 2024 related to PWGE in intensive pig farming systems. The theoretical evidence was processed descriptively and organized into a conceptual framework by themes. The results determine that PWGE derives from intestinal dysbiosis, digestive immaturity, and a temporary decrease in local immunity that occur after weaning. These alterations compromise the integrity of the mucosa, facilitate the colonization of pathogens, and cause villous atrophy and increased intestinal permeability. In terms of production, it is associated with lower daily weight gain, reduced feed efficiency, increased morbidity, and, in more severe cases, increased mortality. It is concluded that PWGE is a central challenge for intestinal health and swine productivity, as it combines physiological, microbial, and immunological factors that make piglets highly susceptible during weaning.
Keywords: Swine productivity, intestinal integrity, intestinal dysbiosis, weaned piglets.
Fecha de recepción: 07 de octubre de 2025; Fecha de aceptación: 15 de diciembre de 2025; Fecha de publicación: 09 de enero del 2026.
Descargas
Citas
Acosta, J., Gabler, N., Frank, J., Bass, B., y Patience, J. (2017). 306 Effect of lactose, inulin, Lactobacillus acidophilus fermentation product, or dietary antibiotics on intestinal function of nursery pigs. Journal Of Animal Science, 95(suppl_2), 149. https://doi.org/10.2527/asasmw.2017.306
Alexa, P., Hamřík, J., Konstantinová, L., y Šrámková, Z. (2011). Experimental infection of weaned piglets with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli O149:F4. Acta Veterinaria Brno, 80(4), 337-341. https://doi.org/10.2754/avb2011 80040337
Amin, M., Akhtar, M., Khan, Z., Islam, M., Firoj, M., Begum, Y., Rahman, S., Afrad, M., Bhuiyan, T., Chowdhury, F., Faruque, A., Ryan, E., Qadri, F., y Khan, A. I. (2024). Coinfection and Clinical Impact of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli Harboring Diverse Toxin Variants and Colonization Factors: 2017-2022. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 107365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107365
Argüello, H., Estellé, J., Zaldívar-López, S., Jiménez-Marín, Á., Carvajal, A., López-Bascón, M. A., Crispie, F., O’Sullivan, O., Cotter, P. D., Priego-Capote, F., Morera, L., y Garrido, J. J. (2018). Early Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs disrupts Microbiome composition and functionality principally at the ileum mucosa. Scientific Reports, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26083-3
Campbell, J., Crenshaw, J., y Polo, J. (2013). The biological stress of early weaned piglets. Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology/Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-19
Canibe, N., Højberg, O., Kongsted, H., Vodolazska, D., Lauridsen, C., Nielsen, T. S., y Schönherz, A. A. (2022). Review on Preventive Measures to Reduce Post-Weaning Diarrhoea in Piglets. Animals, 12(19), 2585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12192585
Cheng, B. (2023). Effects of garlic essential oil on growth performance and intestinal mucosa barrier weaned piglets (Version 1). figshare. https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.23507664.v1
Collins, C., Pluske, J., Morrison, R., McDonald, T., Smits, R., Henman, D., Stensland, I., y Dunshea, F. (2017). Post-weaning and whole-of-life performance of pigs is determined by live weight at weaning and the complexity of the diet fed after weaning. Animal Nutrition, 3(4), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.01.001
Connolly, K., Sweeney, T., y O’Doherty, J. (2024). Sustainable nutritional strategies for gut health in weaned pigs: the role of reduced dietary crude protein, organic acids and butyrate production. Animals, 15(1), 66. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15010066
Cox, E., Cools, V., y Houvenaghel, A. (1988). Pathophysiology of diarrhoea induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in newly-weaned piglets and the effect of flurbiprofen treatment. Veterinary Research Communications, 12(4-5), 383-399. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00343259
De Groot, N., Fariñas, F., Cabrera, C., Pallares, F., y Ramis, G. (2021). Weaning causes a prolonged but transient change in immune gene expression in the intestine of piglets. Journal Of Animal Science, 99(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skab065
De Oliveira, J., Orrico, A., Pietramale, R., Da Rosa, C., Ruviaro, C., Leite, B. K., y Machado, J. (2022). What is the contribution of piglet waste in the first week after weaning to greenhouse gas emissions? Revista Engenharia Na Agricultura - REVENG, 30, 319-327. https://doi.org/10.13083/reveng.v30i1.13908
Ding, S., Cheng, Y., Azad, M., Zhu, Q., Huang, P., y Kong, X. (2022). Developmental Changes of Immunity and Different Responses to Weaning Stress of Chinese Indigenous Piglets and Duroc Piglets during Suckling and Weaning Periods. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 23(24), 15781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415781
Dong, L., Wang, M., Peng, Z., Li, H., Wang, H., Qin, T., Yin, Y., y Yu, L. (2024). Weaning causes imbalanced T lymphocyte distribution and impaired intestinal immune barrier function in piglets. Animal Production Science, 64(2). https://doi.org/10.1071/an22471
Duarte, M., Garavito, Y., y Kim, S. (2023). Impacts of F18+ Escherichia coli on Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs and Dietary Interventions. Animals, 13(17), 2791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13172791
Eriksen, E., Kudirkiene, E., Christensen, A., Agerlin, M., Weber, N, Nødtvedt, A., Nielsen, J., Hartmann, K., Skade, L., Larsen, L., Pankoke, K., Olsen, J., Jensen, H., y Pedersen, K. (2021b). Post-weaning diarrhea in pigs weaned without medicinal zinc: risk factors, pathogen dynamics, and association to growth rate. Porcine Health Management, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-021-00232-z
Flocʹh, N., Achard, C., Eugenio, F., Apper, E., Combes, S., y Quesnel, H. (2022). Effect of live yeast supplementation in sow diet during gestation and lactation on sow and piglet fecal microbiota, health, and performance. Journal Of Animal Science, 100(8). https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac209
Gabler, N. (2022). 207 Awardee Talk: The Impact of Disease on Nutrient and Energy Intake and Utilization to Support Lean Tissue Accretion in Growing Pigs. Journal Of Animal Science, 100(Supplement_3), 93-94. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skac247.183
Gao, J., Yin, J., Xu, K., Li, T., y Yin, Y. (2019). What Is the Impact of Diet on Nutritional Diarrhea Associated with Gut Microbiota in Weaning Piglets: A System Review. BioMed Research International, 2019, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6916189
Gresse, R., Durand, F. C., Dunière, L., Blanquet-Diot, S., y Forano, E. (2019). Microbiota Composition and Functional Profiling Throughout the Gastrointestinal Tract of Commercial Weaning Piglets. Microorganisms, 7(9), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms7090343
Guitart, J., Ballester, M., Fraile, L., Darwich, L., Giler-Baquerizo, N., Tarres, J., López-Soria, S., Ramayo-Caldas, Y., y Migura-Garcia, L. (2024). Gut microbiome and resistome characterization of pigs treated with commonly used post-weaning diarrhea treatments. Animal Microbiome, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-024-00307-6
Han, X., Hu, X., Jin, W., y Liu, G. (2024). Dietary nutrition, intestinal microbiota dysbiosis and post-weaning diarrhea in piglets. Animal Nutrition, 17, 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2023.12.010
He, L., Zhao, X., Li, J., y Yang, C. (2022). Post-weaning diarrhea and use of feedstuffs in pigs. Animal Frontiers, 12(6), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.1093/af/vfac079
Jensen, P., y Stangel, G. (1992). Behaviour of piglets during weaning in a seminatural enclosure. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 33(2-3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80010-3
Jung, K., Saif, L. J., y Wang, Q. (2020). Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): An update on etiology, transmission, pathogenesis, and prevention and control. Virus Research, 286, 198045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020 .198045
Kim, K., Song, M., Liu, Y., y Ji, P. (2022). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection of weaned pigs: Intestinal challenges and nutritional intervention to enhance disease resistance. Frontiers In Immunology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.885253
Kim, S., Gormley, A., Jang, K, y Duarte, M. (2023). Invited Review Current status of global pig production: an overview and research trends. Animal Bioscience, 37(4), 719–729. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.23.0367
Kim, S., y Duarte, M. (2021). Understanding intestinal health in nursery pigs and the relevant nutritional strategies. Animal Bioscience, 34(3), 338-344. https://doi.org/10.5713/ab.21.0010
Laird, T., Abraham, S., Jordan, D., Pluske, J., Hampson, D., Trott, D., y O’Dea, M. (2021). Porcine enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: Antimicrobial resistance and development of microbial-based alternative control strategies. Veterinary Microbiology, 258, 109117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109117
Leeb, C., Hegelund, L., Edwards, S., Mejer, H., Roepstorff, A., Rousing, T., Sundrum, A., y Bonde, M. (2013). Animal health, welfare and production problems in organic weaner pigs. Organic Agriculture, 4(2), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-013-0054-y
Luppi, A. (2022). Optimising the health of weaned piglets. In Burleigh Dodds series in agricultural science (pp. 497–546). https://doi.org/10.19103/as.2022.0103 .17
Mani, V., Harris, A., Keating, A., Weber, T., Dekkers, J., y Gabler, N. (2013). Intestinal integrity, endotoxin transport and detoxification in pigs divergently selected for residual feed intake1. Journal Of Animal Science, 91(5), 2141-2150. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2012-6053
Marín, S., De Jesus, T., Landín, G., Soto, J., Briones, C., García, K., y De Souza, T. (2023). Asociación entre el destete, la salud intestinal de lechones destetados y el consumo de dietas con probióticos y concentrado de proteína de papa. Archivos Latinoamericanos de Producción Animal, 31(2), 115-137. https://doi.org/10.53588/alpa.310201
Modina, S., Polito, U., Rossi, R., Corino, C., y Di Giancamillo, A. (2019). Nutritional Regulation of Gut Barrier Integrity in Weaning Piglets. Animals, 9(12), 1045. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9121045
Noorman, L., Gilbert, Van Der Hee, B., De Vries, S., y Gerrits, W. (2023). Low sanitary housing conditions increase protein fermentation in piglets but do not aggravate the effects of protein fermentation on intestinal health. Animal Feed Science And Technology, 301, 115669. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115669
Paiva, R. C., Burrough, E. R., Macedo, N., Silva, A., De Lagarde, M., Fairbrother, J. M., Piñeiro, P. E., y Almeida, M. N. (2025). Description of a contemporary pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from pigs with post-weaning diarrhea in the United States from 2010 to 2023. Veterinary Research, 56(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13567-025-01568-y
Palumbo, F., Correa, F., Laghi, L., Zurru, A., Trevisi, P., y Luise, D. (2025). Water-sustainable feeding strategies in post-weaning piglets: effects of sorghum-based diets on growth performance and gut health. Frontiers In Animal Science, 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2025.1670477
Paredes, M., Rojas, L., Carrasco, J., y Delgado, F. (2024). Evaluación de diferentes niveles del óxido de zinc para el control de diarrea post destete en lechones traspatio. Agroindustria, Sociedad Y Ambiente, 1(22), 134-146. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12788100
Pistol, G. C., Pertea, A., y Taranu, I. (2023). The Use of Fruit and Vegetable by-Products as Enhancers of Health Status of Piglets after Weaning: The Role of Bioactive Compounds from Apple and Carrot Industrial Wastes. Veterinary Sciences, 11(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11010015
Pistol, G., Bulgaru, V. C., Grosu, I. A., Marin, D. E., Ciurescu, G., Martău, G. A., y Taranu, I. (2025). Dietary Synbiotic Attenuated the Intestinal Inflammation in Weaned Piglets Challenged with Escherichia coli Lipopolysaccharide. Animals, 15(13), 1832. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15131832
Pluske, J. R. (2013). Feed- and feed additives-related aspects of gut health and development in weanling pigs. Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology/Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-1891-4-1
Pluske, J., Turpin, D., y Kim, J. (2018). Gastrointestinal tract (gut) health in the young pig. Animal Nutrition, 4(2), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2017.12.004
Pohl, C. S., Medland, J. E., Mackey, E., Edwards, L. L., Bagley, K. D., DeWilde, M. P., Williams, K. J., y Moeser, A. J. (2017). Early weaning stress induces chronic functional diarrhea, intestinal barrier defects, and increased mast cell activity in a porcine model of early life adversity. Neurogastroenterology y Motility, 29(11). https://doi.org/10.1111/nmo.13118
Portillo, G. A., Aquino, J. E. R., y Mazacotte, E. E. S. (2021). Effects of the use of α-amylase and lipase enzymes on the productive performance of recently weaned piglets. Investigación Agraria, 23(2), 111-116. https://doi.org/10.18004/investig.agrar.2021.diciembre.2302577
Qin, L., Ji, W., Wang, J., Li, B., Hu, J., y Wu, X. (2019). Effects of dietary supplementation with yeast glycoprotein on growth performance, intestinal mucosal morphology, immune response and colonic microbiota in weaned piglets. Food y Function, 10(5), 2359-2371. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8fo02327a
Rauw, W., Rydhmer, L., Kyriazakis, I., Øverland, M., Gilbert, H., Dekkers, J., Hermesch, S., Bouquet, A., Izquierdo, E., Louveau, I., y Gomez, L. (2020). Prospects for sustainability of pig production in relation to climate change and novel feed resources. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 100(9), 3575–3586. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.10338
René, R., Sebastian, V., Marlies, D., Lukas, S., Annemarie, K., y Andrea, L. (2023). Risk factors associated with post-weaning diarrhoea in Austrian piglet-producing farms. Porcine Health Management, 9(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40813-023-00315-z
Rhouma, M., Fairbrother, J. M., Beaudry, F., y Letellier, A. (2017). Post weaning diarrhea in pigs: risk factors and non-colistin-based control strategies. Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica, 59(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13028-017-0299-7
Salak, J. L., Reddout, C., Hernandez, L., y Visconti, A. (2022). Maternal Supplementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii during Late-Gestation through Lactation Differentially Modulated Immune Status and Stress Responsiveness of the Progeny to Farrowing and Weaning Stressors. Animals, 12(2), 164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020164
Sheptukha, O. A., y Masiuk, D. M. (2025). Dynamics of key gut microbiome taxa in piglets under the influence of an isotonic protein mixture. Scientific Messenger Of LNU Of Veterinary Medicine And Biotechnology, 27(118), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet11809
Shin, D., Chang, S. Y., Bogere, P., Won, K., Choi, J., Choi, Y., Lee, H. K., Hur, J., Park, B., Kim, Y., y Heo, J. (2019). Beneficial roles of probiotics on the modulation of gut microbiota and immune response in pigs. PLoS ONE, 14(8), e0220843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220843
Son, J., y Kim, S. W. (2025). Post-weaning diarrhea caused by F18+ Escherichia coli and its impact on mucosa-associated microbiota and immune responses in the jejunum of nursery pigs. Microbiome Research Reports, 4(3), 29. https://doi.org/10.20517/mrr.2025.14
Su, W., Gong, T., Jiang, Z., Lu, Z., y Wang, Y. (2022). The Role of Probiotics in Alleviating Postweaning Diarrhea in Piglets From the Perspective of Intestinal Barriers. Frontiers In Cellular And Infection Microbiology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.883107
Sweeney, T., y O’Doherty, J. (2016). Marine macroalgal extracts to maintain gut homeostasis in the weaning piglet. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 56, S84–S89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2016.02.002
Tang, Q., Lan, T., Zhou, C., Gao, J., Wu, L., Wei, H., Li, W., Tang, Z., Tang, W., Diao, H., Xu, Y., Peng, X., Pang, J., Zhao, X., y Sun, Z. (2024). Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. Animal Nutrition, 17, 297-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006
Tang, Q., Xu, E., Wang, Z., Xiao, M., Cao, S., Hu, S., Wu, Q., Xiong, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, F., Yang, G., Wang, L., y Yi, H. (2022). Dietary Hermetia illucens Larvae Meal Improves Growth Performance and Intestinal Barrier Function of Weaned Pigs Under the Environment of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88. Frontiers In Nutrition, 8, 812011. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.812011
Tang, W., Liu, J., Ma, Y., Wei, Y., Liu, J., y Wang, H. (2021). Impairment of Intestinal Barrier Function Induced by Early Weaning via Autophagy and Apoptosis Associated With Gut Microbiome and Metabolites. Frontiers In Immunology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.804870
Tang, X., y Xiong, K. (2022). Intrauterine Growth Retardation Affects Intestinal Health of Suckling Piglets via Altering Intestinal Antioxidant Capacity, Glucose Uptake, Tight Junction, and Immune Responses. Oxidative Medicine And Cellular Longevity, 2022, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/2644205
Tang, X., Xiong, K, Fang, R., y Li, M. (2022). Weaning stress and intestinal health of piglets: A review. Frontiers In Immunology, 13, 1042778. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042778
Tao, X., Xu, Z., y Men, X. (2016). Transient effects of weaning on the health of newly weaning piglets. Czech Journal Of Animal Science, 61(2), 82-90. https://doi.org/10.17221/8731-cjas
Tzanidakis, C., Simitzis, P., Arvanitis, K., y Panagakis, P. (2021). An overview of the current trends in precision pig farming technologies. Livestock Science, 249, 104530. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104530
Upadhaya, S., y Kim, I. (2021). The Impact of Weaning Stress on Gut Health and the Mechanistic Aspects of Several Feed Additives Contributing to Improved Gut Health Function in Weanling Piglets—A Review. Animals, 11(8), 2418. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11082418
Vangroenweghe, F., Luppi, A., y Thas, O. (2020). Prevalence of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli Pathotypes and Virotypes Isolated from Piglets Suffering from Post-Weaning Diarrhea in Belgium and the Netherlands. Zenodo (CERN European Organization For Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3812470
Wang, J., y Ji, H. (2019). Tight Junction Proteins in the Weaned Piglet Intestine: Roles and Regulation. Current Protein And Peptide Science, 20(7), 652-660. https://doi.org/10.2174/1389203720666190125095122
Xia, B., Meng, Q., Xie, J., Wu, W., Feng, X., Tang, X., y Zhang, H. (2018). Effects of Weaning at 21 Days of Age on Intestinal Morphology, Permeability and Mucosal Barrier of Piglets. Journal of Animal Nutrition 30 (6). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2018.06.012
Xia, B., Zhong, R., Wu, W., Luo, C., Meng, Q., Gao, Q., Zhao, Y., Chen, L., Zhang, S., Zhao, X., y Zhang, H. (2022). Mucin O-glycan-microbiota axis orchestrates gut homeostasis in a diarrheal pig model. Microbiome, 10(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40168-022-01326-8
Xiong, Y., Cao, S., Xiao, H., Wu, Q., Yi, H., Jiang, Z., y Wang, L. (2022). Alterations in intestinal microbiota composition coincide with impaired intestinal morphology and dysfunctional ileal immune response in growing-finishing pigs under constant chronic heat stress. Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology/Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-021-00651-6
Yu, L., Mann, P., Schlitzkus, L., Chakradhar, J., y Li, Y. (2023). PSV-8 Early Life Adversity Impacts Intestinal Epithelial Development and Stem Cells Activities in Pigs. Journal Of Animal Science, 101(Supplement_2), 274-275. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad341.311
Zhao, J., Zhang, Z., Zhang, S., Page, G., y Jaworski, N. W. (2021). The role of lactose in weanling pig nutrition: a literature and meta-analysis review. Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology/Journal Of Animal Science And Biotechnology, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-020-00522-6
Zheng, L., Duarte, M., Loftus, A., y Kim, S. (2021). Intestinal Health of Pigs Upon Weaning: Challenges and Nutritional Intervention. Frontiers In Veterinary Science, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.628258
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2026 Revista de Ciencias Agropecuarias ALLPA. ISSN: 2600-5883.
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
.jpg)
