Perfil Neuropsicológico de Adolescentes Usuarios Frecuentes de IA Generativa

José z Guartatanga Rodríguez

doi:10.56124/nuna-yachay.v8i15.003

Autores/as

José z Guartatanga Rodríguez Instituto de Neurociencia- Universidad Católica de Cuenca https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2461-5838

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56124/nuna-yachay.v8i15.003

Palabras clave:

funciones ejecutivas, metacognición, inteligencia artificial generativa, adolescencia, neuropsicología

Resumen

La adolescencia constituye un período crítico para la maduración de funciones ejecutivas prefrontales y las tecnologías de IA introducen modalidades inéditas de externalización cognitiva que podrían interferir con trayectorias normativas de neurodesarrollo. El presente trabajo analiza el perfil neuropsicológico de adolescentes usuarios frecuentes de inteligencia artificial generativa. El objetivo consiste en caracterizar las asociaciones entre patrones de uso de IA generativa y el rendimiento en funciones ejecutivas y metacognición en población adolescente. Se implementó un diseño transversal no experimental descriptivo-correlacional con 73 adolescentes de 13 a 18 años evaluados mediante la Batería Neuropsicológica de Funciones Ejecutivas y Lóbulos Frontales (BANFE-3), el Inventario de Conciencia Metacognitiva (MAI), la Escala de Disposición al Pensamiento Crítico (CTDS) y un cuestionario de patrones de uso de IA generativa. Los resultados evidenciaron correlaciones negativas significativas entre frecuencia de uso de IA y rendimiento en corteza prefrontal anterior (r = -0.46, p < .001) y dorsolateral (r = -0.41, p < .001), con efectos de mayor magnitud en metamemoria, productividad, memoria de trabajo y planeación. Los adolescentes que emplean IA como sustitución cognitiva presentaron niveles metacognitivos significativamente inferiores (η²p = .342) comparados con usuarios que la utilizan como andamiaje. El tipo de dependencia tecnológica constituye el predictor más robusto del nivel metacognitivo, explicando 31.5% adicional de la varianza más allá de variables sociodemográficas. Se concluye que la modalidad de interacción con IA generativa resulta determinante para el desarrollo de capacidades autorreguladoras, requiriéndose intervenciones psicoeducativas orientadas a promover patrones adaptativos de uso durante períodos críticos del neurodesarrollo adolescente.

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