Factores de deserción estudiantil y estrategias de retención en carreras universitarias de Ingeniería y Áreas Técnicas

Xavier Rubio-Tobar

doi:10.56124/finibus.v8i15.014

Autores/as

Xavier Rubio-Tobar Universidad de Investigación e Innovación de México (UIIX). Escuela de Doctorado. https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6660-6491

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.56124/finibus.v8i15.014

Palabras clave:

Deserción estudiantil, retención académica, educación superior, ingeniería, aprendizaje automático

Resumen

La deserción estudiantil en la educación superior, particularmente en carreras de ingeniería y áreas técnicas, tiene implicaciones académicas, sociales y económicas ampliamente documentadas. Este estudio presenta una Revisión Sistemática de Literatura (SLR) basada en 57 artículos publicados entre 2000 y 2024 en la base de datos Scopus. A partir de la revisión, se evidenciaron factores relacionados con el abandono estudiantil y estrategias reportadas para mejorar la retención. Los hallazgos se agruparon en clústeres temáticos que destacan el uso de tecnologías de aprendizaje automático para predecir el riesgo académico, la influencia de factores socioeconómicos y psicosociales en la deserción, y la efectividad de políticas institucionales orientadas a la retención. La literatura señala que variables como el desempeño académico previo, la autoeficacia y el acceso a recursos económicos son predictores clave del abandono. Herramientas de analítica educativa, como algoritmos de aprendizaje profundo, han mostrado alta precisión en la identificación temprana de estudiantes en riesgo, aunque su implementación enfrenta limitaciones en contextos rurales o con infraestructura tecnológica insuficiente. Este análisis enfatiza la importancia de estrategias integrales que combinen enfoques tecnológicos, pedagógicos y psicosociales. Si bien las tecnologías avanzadas ofrecen ventajas notables, su efectividad y sostenibilidad dependen de su adaptabilidad a diferentes contextos y de la incorporación de factores humanos en los modelos predictivos.

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