Nanosílice derivada de hojas de maíz como material suplementario sostenible para morteros: síntesis, caracterización y rendimiento mecánico
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.56124/finibus.v9i17.007Palabras clave:
cemento, nanosílice, hojas de maíz, residuos agrícolas, resistencia a la compresión, morteros sosteniblesResumen
El cemento se ha considerado durante mucho tiempo el aglutinante esencial de la construcción moderna, pero el precio que se paga por esta comodidad es alto. Se estima que la producción de cemento Portland ordinario contribuye cerca del 8% de las emisiones globales de CO₂, lo que explica por qué tantos esfuerzos de investigación ahora se concentran en reducir su impacto. Una de las direcciones que ha atraído interés es el uso de residuos agrícolas, materiales que generalmente se desechan después de la cosecha y que, en muchos casos, contienen cantidades significativas de sílice amorfa. En el presente estudio, se seleccionaron hojas de maíz (Zea mays L.) como materia prima. Este residuo es abundante en Ecuador, pero rara vez encuentra alguna aplicación técnica. Las hojas se calcinaron primero a 600 °C, luego se lavaron con ácido y se molieron hasta obtener nanosílice con tamaños de partícula en el rango nanométrico. Se prepararon morteros en los que el cemento se reemplazó parcialmente por 0,25%, 0,5% y 1,0% de esta nanosílice. Tras probar la resistencia a la compresión a los 1, 3, 7, 28 y 90 días, la tendencia se hizo evidente: el contenido más bajo, 0,25 %, presentó el mejor rendimiento, alcanzando un aumento del 27 % a los 90 días en comparación con la mezcla de control. Los contenidos más altos no produjeron una mejora adicional, lo que podría estar relacionado con la aglomeración de partículas y la dispersión limitada. Los análisis microestructurales (SEM, TEM, XRD, EDS) confirmaron la presencia de una matriz más densa y homogénea, y las mediciones del ángulo de contacto sugirieron una menor absorción de agua. Estos resultados demuestran que la nanosílice obtenida de las hojas de maíz puede funcionar como un aditivo sostenible para morteros, a la vez que proporciona una forma de valorizar un residuo agrícola abundante.
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