Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.  
OLDER ADULTS AND QUALITY OF LIFE. PERSPECTIVES FROM SOCIAL WORK  
ADULTOS MAYORES Y CALIDAD DE VIDA. PERSPECTIVAS DESDE EL TRABAJO SOCIAL  
1
Paredes-Ruiz Teresa de Jesús  
2
Jiménez-Sánchez Álvaro  
3
Martínez-Andrade Gabriela Milena  
1
Docente Investigador de la Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca, Ecuador. Correo: alvarojs@usal.es.  
2
3
ABSTRACT:  
One of the challenges of modernity in a society like Ecuador is the changing demographics of the elderly population.  
There is a scarcity of research on the quality of life among older Ecuadorian adults. In a research project that is taken  
place in Tisaleo, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador, an assessment of variables to illustrate the quality of life among the  
elderly is discussed. A request was made by local government to the Department of Research of the Law and Social  
Science Faculty of Universidad de Ambato, to gather relevant data on the quality of life of its elders that live in the  
territory and elaborate a diagnostic of their needs. Results of this study will provide recommendations for public  
policy and address the social development of the territory’s gerontological needs. A semi structured interview was  
used, to measure the quality of life i.e. health status, economic situation, housing, mental social networking and  
other subjective and emerging factors. The results made it possible to detect the essential problems faced by older  
adults. It ends with a proposal for public policies to improve the quality of life of this group.  
Keywords: Older adults, quality of life, political approaches, Ecuador.  
RESUMEN:  
Uno de los retos de la modernidad en una sociedad como la ecuatoriana es el cambio demográfico de la población  
adulta mayor. Existe una escasez de investigaciones sobre la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores ecuatorianos.  
En un proyecto de investigación que se lleva a cabo en Tisaleo, provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, se analiza una  
evaluación de variables para ilustrar la calidad de vida entre los adultos mayores. Una solicitud fue hecha por el  
gobierno local al Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de  
Ambato para recoger datos relevantes sobre la calidad de vida de sus ancianos que viven en el territorio y elaborar  
un diagnóstico de sus necesidades. Los resultados de este estudio permitirán hacer recomendaciones de política  
pública y atender el desarrollo social de las necesidades gerontológicas del territorio. Se utilizó una entrevista  
semiestructurada para medir la calidad de vida, es decir, el estado de salud, la situación económica, la vivienda, la  
red social mental y otros factores subjetivos y emergentes. Los resultados permitieron detectar los problemas  
esenciales que tienen los adultos mayores. Se finaliza con una propuesta de políticas públicas para mejorar la calidad  
de vida de este colectivo.  
Palabras Clave: Adultos mayores, calidad de vida, enfoques políticos, Ecuador.  
Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.  
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1
. INTRODUCTION  
It seems to be that the quality of life of  
professional, that society recognized their  
contribution. Making them feeling good  
about themselves. The independence,  
economic situation and health are influent  
factors but these have to be obtained in  
early stages of their lives (Bordignon, 2005,  
p. 54).  
elderly population have a correlation of the  
context of their societies that they live in.  
In some societies, older adults are  
considered a minority group and a social  
problem, their physical and emotional needs  
are high, they live in poverty, had poor  
nutrition and inadequate housing…,  
suffering from illness such us arthritis, hyper  
tension, deafness, bad vision, hearth  
diseases and diabetes. It´s like we continue  
to be a barbaric society, where they abandon  
older adults to their destiny due to lack of  
resources…, but what really defines in  
longevity are: defined role in society,  
positive perception of one self, physical  
activity, no smoking…, financial security,  
good social relations and higher education  
are important. (Zastrow, 2010, p. 451-459)  
1.1. Theory and concepts  
1
.1.1. Quality Of Life  
The term quality of life for many experts it  
measures the socio economic status, or an  
objective measure of older adults about  
access to the following services: health,  
housing, recreation. Other measure of  
quality life is on subjective factors such as:  
affectivity and the feeling of life satisfaction  
which depends of the personality of the  
individual and influence of the community  
that they live. The population that  
participated in the project belongs to lower  
poverty quintile, but they did answered all  
questions,  
Social Work emphasis how Erick Erikson and  
it´s Psychosocial Theory explains life stages,  
not only help us to look for a healthy  
development but to look the social  
influences in our lives. In summary when we  
approach older adult stage, after 50, we  
have to focus in the resolution of despair and  
wisdom. Older adult must feel that they are  
leaving a legacy that could be familiar,  
1
.1.2. Measures of Quality of Life.  
Housing  
Starting from the concept of housing as the  
residence where we recuperate our human  
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strengths after a day of work or labor, where  
activities consequently their quality of life.  
Women are most affected in their health,  
due to their role in society, for example  
hearth conditions in woman is 15.7%, in men  
only 10,8%. Other problem is cognitive  
damage that reduces their mental abilities or  
intellectually, this in women is 23,7% and in  
men un 8.1% Kirst, Hull, (2012, p. 262) adds  
that an adult that is confined due to their  
illness coul fell isolated.  
we can find the perfect space to interact  
with our families, we can think in what  
happened and what may happened in our  
lives. Is the place where the human being  
found the space and habitat to be happy and  
sometimes be sad. Is where we recuperate  
and analyze who we are and what we will  
become.  
Correa (2000) gives a framing on housing  
that tributes to a central place of the human  
existence, where the relationship work-  
production-family life is in clear interaction  
with the context, not only understand the  
habitat unit, but the production space, the  
design, construction and modifications with  
traditional technics, auto-production of  
materials and basic components.  
Mental Health  
Older adults have a determinant in their  
lives, it is that their physical health starts to  
deteriorate and causes, mental health  
problems. And vice versa mental health  
problems that physical consequences.  
Agostini y Pereira (2015, p. 77). Depression  
is a psyquiatric transform very common  
within older adults. Is present in the 23-40%  
if the live within the community and 25-80%  
in the individuals that live inside of an  
institution. The psychiatric symptoms are  
more frequent in elderly women, because  
they look for health services, are more  
vulnerable to stress and live longer than  
men. The author mentions other survey  
where 75% of individuals that live in an  
institution, are unsatisfied with their lives,  
Health  
OMS gives de definition of health since1948  
as a state of physical, mental and social  
wellbeing, and not only the absence of  
illness or affections (OMS, 2020).  
In Ecuador (SABE) National Survey of Health,  
Wellbeing and old age, one of three older  
adults in Ecuador presents a chronic illness.  
6
0% of the population has visual hearing  
problems, those illness affect their daily  
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that no one pays attention about their  
wellbeing and have lower self-esteem.  
Illness such us hypothyroidism, cerebral  
vascular accidents, and psycho social factors  
like retirement, grief, and sleep problems,  
inadequate nutrition could be more present  
in depressed adults than others.  
following: 80/% are in complete  
abandonment, no family relations, 82, 33%  
have a diagnoses of depression and a  
relationship between abandonment and  
depression. Most women reported no  
having children. 90% have medical  
problems. Only 10% of individuals receive  
family visits, 47% had not formal education.  
In Colombia a study in ambulatory attending  
ambulatory services found depression at  
1.2. Subjective Factors of Quality of Life  
Life Satisfaction  
1
1.5% in women and 4% in men, in another  
survey found 47% of men living in an  
institution, suffered of depression and the  
national survey found 60% in older adults in  
general. In Chile the depression reported in  
this population is 16.3% (Calderon, 2018).  
Social  
cultural  
process  
and  
the  
interdependency between its members is  
very import in their development. Erikson  
explains, how since you are born the  
relationship  
with  
your  
caretaker  
According to INEC, (2017) 11% of older  
adults in Ecuador live alone, 49% live with  
one child, 16% with a grandchild, and 15%  
with a partner o spouse. 81% are satisfied  
with their life, 28% are in abandonment, 38%  
sometimes feel that their lives are empty  
and 46% feel that something bad may  
happened to them, 83% feel that their life  
satisfaction will improve if they live with  
somebody. 73% of the older adults that live  
alone think that (CPD, 2017).  
determinates the level of confidence in  
others is developed a this age, when we are  
children the level of hope, how our peers  
and our personality developed our identity,  
our relationship with the social and cultural  
institutions, how our socioeconomic status  
determinates how we can offer our children  
their needs. The older adult faces to have  
their integrity and no to fell in despair. It will  
be how they contemplate their life, if they  
have no the feeling of plenitude. Since this is  
a process accumulative, the life could not  
In a study made in Ecuador by Zamora (2021,  
p. 66) in an institution in Patate found the  
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have this result and fell in despair  
Bordignon, 2005, p. 54-59).  
contribution to their member that enter in  
the stage of the late life.  
(
To Urzúa y Caqueo (2012, p. 61-77) every  
individual makes an evaluation on the  
framing of personal satisfaction in the  
different life domains and generally its  
centered in the subjective side of the  
individuals, leaving on the side other factors  
such as economic, social, political and  
cultural context o even their health status to  
reach personal satisfaction.  
According to López (2010), personal  
autonomy is a set of skills that people have  
to make decisions, choose and take  
responsibilities. The individuals acquire  
autonomy thru learning, interaction  
between people and one self, and require  
constant practice of personal auto  
determination.  
Abandonment  
Cabañero et al (2004) claim states that life  
satisfaction is a global assessment that the  
individual triumphs with their expectative,  
puts the context and the subjective welfare  
of their quality of life, which influences in  
connotes judgments on life satisfaction, in  
the other side affective evaluations over  
emotions and humor.  
Ecuador has 1.049.824 older adults over 65  
years old (6.5% of the total population.  
1
2
4.9% are victims of abandonment (CEPAL,  
019), due to their dependence older adults  
suffered different type of maltreatment,  
family abandonment, and that rural zones  
this has a higher rate.  
INEC (2008), reports that 10.7% of older  
adults responds to live alone, 37.9% states  
that their life is empty and 27.6% feels  
hopeless.  
Personal Autonomy  
In some societies their pursuit is that their  
citizens become independents since there  
are very Young to their end, based in their  
economic status or their contributions they  
made to the state, In the other hand, other  
societies they want to strength their  
Leisure  
To some societies the time of retirement is a  
time to enjoy after working for so many  
years and plan this time, putting emphasis in  
leisure activities.  
community life  
y
solidarity is the  
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Montero & Bedmar (2010) explain leisure  
from an objective look, affirms that leisure  
are activities o resources that in an  
optionally and voluntarily way to use our  
time. Subjectivity explains that a satisfactory  
experience reflects our way to be and our  
preferences in which we manifested and  
become free. Leisure time has social and  
cultural elements that are in constant  
evolution and contributes from personal to  
social and economic to configure habits, the  
different ways of understanding recreation  
in new ways of activities, life style and rest.  
society, they have poor physical and  
psychological health, there are studies from  
the 70 y 80 that relate morbidity and  
disability to social relationships (López,  
2017).  
State and Society  
Article 25 of Letter of ONU Human Rights  
(1948).  
1
. Every individual have the right of a life  
status adequate that gives security and his  
family, the health and wellbeing, specially  
food, dress, housing, medical assistance and  
necessary social services, also has the right  
to unemployment, illness, disability, loss of  
love one, older age and other cases of losing  
their means to survive for circumstances not  
related to his will.  
Social Relationship  
Social relations are very important to older  
adults, re affirms their identity, their  
belonging, helps their self-esteem and  
solidarity feelings, creating am state of  
wellbeing.  
From a legal aspect, the Ecuadorian  
Constitution. Article 37 determinates that  
the state has to guarantee to older adults  
rights like: free and specialized health  
services, payed jobs, universal retirement,  
discounts in public and private services,  
taxes exonerations and notary payments  
and the access to housing that gives them  
secures their integrity and a dignifying life  
Social relationships are defined as personal  
interactions that have their own structure at  
the moment of the relationship between  
individuals, is made up of qualitative aspects  
and behaviors, it´s functional dimension  
contains social support, social networking,  
that act thru a psychosocial mechanism,  
which influences in the individual´s health,  
knowing that they are excluded from  
(Constituyente, 2008).  
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Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.  
Another law that protects older adults,  
become older adults, adding that  
individually did not resolve their economic  
problems. They become dependable of the  
services that the state could offer.  
promotes the elimination of abandonment,  
discrimination, hate, exploitation, violence  
and abuse for age reason, against older  
adults, within the competences of the  
participants of the System in conformity of  
actual legislation (Ley Orgánica de las  
Personas Adultas Mayores, 2019).  
2. METHODOLOGY  
In the present research the method  
qualitative-quantitative method was used. A  
structured interview with questions that  
referred to indicators of quality of life. Due  
to that the population was rural, the data  
were collected in two journeys to cover the  
Tisaleo territory.  
Collective Social Responsibility: It is the state  
obligation, society and the family, respect  
the older adults rights, and to generate  
adequate conditions and efficiency to  
develop their life projects, and of preference  
when they are in vulnerable conditions (Ley  
Orgánica de las Personas Adultas Mayores,  
2
.1. Population and sample  
The population of the research project is  
made by older adults of Tisaleo. For  
convenience the interviews were done in the  
center of Tisaleo and Quinchicoto that cover:  
El Chilco-La Esperanza, Santa Marianita,  
Santa Lucia, y the Dolorosa town. The  
population that was interviewed was found  
in an aleatory way , identifying older adults  
in the street of the locations, also  
information was acquired thanks to the  
collaboration of the 30 older adults on  
Quinchincoto that belong to the My Best  
years Program.  
2
019).  
Older adults suffer of employment  
discrimination, the government has to be  
competent and democratic, decentralized,  
local governments must give solutions to the  
population necessities especially in what  
refers to health, economy, housing and  
recreation (Henry, 2013).  
The theory of poverty cycle, and structural  
theories explains how the distribution of  
wealth and the social politics of health  
services, education, food, affects the life of  
the people since they are born until they  
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The sampling was 80 older adults that  
answered to a 2000 older adult population  
that the government of Tisaleo and the  
Department of Research of the Law and  
Social Science Faculty of the Ambato  
Technical University identified. The sampling  
has an error margin of 10% and a level of  
confidence of 93%  
Table 2.  
The age media of the population is between  
7
3
5 and 80 years old. 61,3% are women, and  
8.8 are men. Statistical data show that  
Table 3.  
there are more women than men in Tisaleo.  
3
. RESULTS  
The following results have been taken from  
the thesis that done by Martínez (2021). The  
thesis was part of the research project and  
tabulated the data collected by the students  
of Social Work Career. Only data that was  
significant for this article was taken, the  
graphics and tables were maintained.  
Table 4.  
3
.1. Health Factors  
How do you assess your health?  
Table 1.  
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Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.  
Table 5.  
Table 9.  
Table 6.  
Table 10.  
Table 7.  
Table 11.  
Table 8.  
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Table 12.  
gender and the majority of analyzed  
variables, but in the following.  
Within the several psychological problems,  
the feminine gender presents more sadness  
and stress than men (p = .023 and p = .015).  
Related to the last data, men affirmed they  
do not have any psychological problem (p =  
.044).  
Table 13.  
Men had more friend social support than  
women (p = .024).  
Women more than men wanted that the  
government implement the senior center.  
MMA (p = .032).  
In any case, it should be mentioned other  
significations proximal at .05, that could  
explain how women and men see their  
situation with respect to their gender.  
Table 14.  
Women has more articulations and sleep  
problems (p = .087).  
Women also have more mobility problems  
than men (p = .140).  
Men have more neighbors social support (p  
=
.087).  
Women dedicate more time to visit their  
family (p = .095).  
3
.2. Inferential Analysis  
Significant differences were not found (Chi-  
Cuadrado, p > .05, bilateral), between  
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Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.  
Finally, men more than women wanted that  
or petitions to their government. 43.8%  
asked for a better quality of the Health  
Services, and delivery of medicine to their  
homes. 28.8% affirm that they require a  
balanced and nutritional meal. 18.8%  
require financial aid. 15% of the population  
of the research asked for more recreational  
places, 11.3% of the population require a  
place for My best Years Program, 5% asked  
for the construction of a General Hospital,  
also road ways and access to transportation,  
they also demand alphabetization and  
education campaigns only 3,8% demand the  
construction of a nursing home.  
the government should better off their food  
intake (p = .087).  
About the age, there is not significant  
differences (Spearman, p > .05) except that  
when age increases, older adults dedicate  
less time to care for animals or farm  
activities (p = .016), they need more hygiene  
supplies (p = .040); and wish more than  
younger counterparts that Health Center  
Services offer more medical checkups and  
delivery of medicine to their homes.  
Therefore, even there is not mayor  
difference between gender and the variables  
that were analyzed, the significations that  
were mentioned, could be consider  
sufficient relevant to make distinction at the  
time to offer interventions, or to develop  
strategic plans to better of the older adults  
quality of life in a more specific way and not  
generalized, as for example for mobility and  
psychological therapies for women who  
suffer more sadness an insomnia.  
5
. CONCLUSIONS  
Thru the present research and analyses and  
interpretation of results. The conclusion is  
that the material conditions of older adults  
of Tisaleo, are limited due to the fact that the  
majority are in the index of poverty and  
extreme poverty, because they have more  
than one unsatisfied basic need (NBI), low  
economic resources, inclusive whom  
received financial aid from the government.  
In reference to their housing needs,  
although they have city water, electricity and  
sewer, they are in need of safe living  
conditions, access to bathrooms, furniture,  
4
. DISCUSSION  
Older adult population of Tisaleo in a  
collective way and by sector have given  
raised their concerns about their problems  
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health supplies, gas, due to the fact that a lot  
people still cook with fire a small group  
affirmed that are in need of technological  
equipment as telephones, and internet so  
they could talk to their love ones.  
but a quarter of the population this  
relationship are not for support, that is why  
they rank they quality of life and regular and  
bad due to causes as psychological violence,  
physical and patrimonial.  
The health determinants of older adults of  
Tisaleo, come from the autoevalutaion f your  
health status, the influence of their illness,  
mobility, quality of medical attention, access  
to medicine in their local Public Health  
Services. As conclusion the majority of elder  
adults have a negative health assessment,  
with the presence of two or three illness per  
individual, being the most common,  
articulation and bone problems, visual and  
hearing problems, high blood pressure. On  
mobility half of the older adults can move to  
do their daily activities without mayor  
problems. Older adults of Tisaleo found  
themselves unsatisfied with access y quality  
of attention and medicine in the public  
health services, because of that they have to  
go to other locations. Finally is important to  
conclude that the older adults are in need of  
food supply of quality.  
The quality of life in terms of leisure shows  
favorable, although older adults have little  
time for them due to farm activities, they do  
at least one of the following activities,  
meetings with other older adults, going out  
for a walking, family visits, religious activities  
and inclusive sports and artistic activities  
within their possibilities.  
The general characteristic of quality of life of  
the older adult could be described as that in  
the majority they live with a family member,  
although a quarter of them live alone as  
independent adults, living with someone  
does not mean that they do not have  
isolation feelings, being this tone the most  
important mental health issues, as loss of  
memory, stress, feelings of sadness,  
depression, due to loss of love ones. For this  
most of the half of older adults found  
themselves as not satisfied with their quality  
of life.  
Their quality of life in what is referent to  
their social network could be determined as  
positive, the mayoralty has family, neighbors  
and friends with good relations with them,  
RECOMMENDATIONS  
This the  
study  
concludes  
that  
recommendation to the Mayor of Tisaleo  
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Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.  
and his government is the creation of  
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