Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Older adults and quality of life. Perspectives from social work.

OLDER ADULTS AND QUALITY OF LIFE. PERSPECTIVES FROM SOCIAL WORK

ADULTOS MAYORES Y CALIDAD DE VIDA. PERSPECTIVAS DESDE EL TRABAJO SOCIAL

1

Paredes-Ruiz Teresa de Jesús

2

Jiménez-Sánchez Álvaro

3

Martínez-Andrade Gabriela Milena

1

Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Carrera de Trabajo Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo:

tdj.paredes@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9174-1119.

Docente – Investigador de la Universidad de Salamanca. Salamanca, Ecuador. Correo: alvarojs@usal.es.

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4249-8949.

2

3

Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Carrera de Trabajo Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo:

gmartinez4108@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9023-6839.

ABSTRACT:

One of the challenges of modernity in a society like Ecuador is the changing demographics of the elderly population.

There is a scarcity of research on the quality of life among older Ecuadorian adults. In a research project that is taken

place in Tisaleo, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador, an assessment of variables to illustrate the quality of life among the

elderly is discussed. A request was made by local government to the Department of Research of the Law and Social

Science Faculty of Universidad de Ambato, to gather relevant data on the quality of life of its elders that live in the

territory and elaborate a diagnostic of their needs. Results of this study will provide recommendations for public

policy and address the social development of the territory’s gerontological needs. A semi structured interview was

used, to measure the quality of life i.e. health status, economic situation, housing, mental social networking and

other subjective and emerging factors. The results made it possible to detect the essential problems faced by older

adults. It ends with a proposal for public policies to improve the quality of life of this group.

Keywords: Older adults, quality of life, political approaches, Ecuador.

RESUMEN:

Uno de los retos de la modernidad en una sociedad como la ecuatoriana es el cambio demográfico de la población

adulta mayor. Existe una escasez de investigaciones sobre la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores ecuatorianos.

En un proyecto de investigación que se lleva a cabo en Tisaleo, provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, se analiza una

evaluación de variables para ilustrar la calidad de vida entre los adultos mayores. Una solicitud fue hecha por el

gobierno local al Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad de

Ambato para recoger datos relevantes sobre la calidad de vida de sus ancianos que viven en el territorio y elaborar

un diagnóstico de sus necesidades. Los resultados de este estudio permitirán hacer recomendaciones de política

pública y atender el desarrollo social de las necesidades gerontológicas del territorio. Se utilizó una entrevista

semiestructurada para medir la calidad de vida, es decir, el estado de salud, la situación económica, la vivienda, la

red social mental y otros factores subjetivos y emergentes. Los resultados permitieron detectar los problemas

esenciales que tienen los adultos mayores. Se finaliza con una propuesta de políticas públicas para mejorar la calidad

de vida de este colectivo.

Palabras Clave: Adultos mayores, calidad de vida, enfoques políticos, Ecuador.

Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.

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1

. INTRODUCTION

It seems to be that the quality of life of

professional, that society recognized their

contribution. Making them feeling good

about themselves. The independence,

economic situation and health are influent

factors but these have to be obtained in

early stages of their lives (Bordignon, 2005,

p. 54).

elderly population have a correlation of the

context of their societies that they live in.

In some societies, older adults are

considered a minority group and a social

problem, their physical and emotional needs

are high, they live in poverty, had poor

nutrition and inadequate housing…,

suffering from illness such us arthritis, hyper

tension, deafness, bad vision, hearth

diseases and diabetes. It´s like we continue

to be a barbaric society, where they abandon

older adults to their destiny due to lack of

resources…, but what really defines in

longevity are: defined role in society,

positive perception of one self, physical

activity, no smoking…, financial security,

good social relations and higher education

are important. (Zastrow, 2010, p. 451-459)

1.1. Theory and concepts

1

.1.1. Quality Of Life

The term quality of life for many experts it

measures the socio economic status, or an

objective measure of older adults about

access to the following services: health,

housing, recreation. Other measure of

quality life is on subjective factors such as:

affectivity and the feeling of life satisfaction

which depends of the personality of the

individual and influence of the community

that they live. The population that

participated in the project belongs to lower

poverty quintile, but they did answered all

questions,

Social Work emphasis how Erick Erikson and

it´s Psychosocial Theory explains life stages,

not only help us to look for a healthy

development but to look the social

influences in our lives. In summary when we

approach older adult stage, after 50, we

have to focus in the resolution of despair and

wisdom. Older adult must feel that they are

leaving a legacy that could be familiar,

1

.1.2. Measures of Quality of Life.

Housing

Starting from the concept of housing as the

residence where we recuperate our human

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strengths after a day of work or labor, where

activities consequently their quality of life.

Women are most affected in their health,

due to their role in society, for example

hearth conditions in woman is 15.7%, in men

only 10,8%. Other problem is cognitive

damage that reduces their mental abilities or

intellectually, this in women is 23,7% and in

men un 8.1% Kirst, Hull, (2012, p. 262) adds

that an adult that is confined due to their

illness coul fell isolated.

we can find the perfect space to interact

with our families, we can think in what

happened and what may happened in our

lives. Is the place where the human being

found the space and habitat to be happy and

sometimes be sad. Is where we recuperate

and analyze who we are and what we will

become.

Correa (2000) gives a framing on housing

that tributes to a central place of the human

existence, where the relationship work-

production-family life is in clear interaction

with the context, not only understand the

habitat unit, but the production space, the

design, construction and modifications with

traditional technics, auto-production of

materials and basic components.

Mental Health

Older adults have a determinant in their

lives, it is that their physical health starts to

deteriorate and causes, mental health

problems. And vice versa mental health

problems that physical consequences.

Agostini y Pereira (2015, p. 77). Depression

is a psyquiatric transform very common

within older adults. Is present in the 23-40%

if the live within the community and 25-80%

in the individuals that live inside of an

institution. The psychiatric symptoms are

more frequent in elderly women, because

they look for health services, are more

vulnerable to stress and live longer than

men. The author mentions other survey

where 75% of individuals that live in an

institution, are unsatisfied with their lives,

Health

OMS gives de definition of health since1948

as a state of physical, mental and social

wellbeing, and not only the absence of

illness or affections (OMS, 2020).

In Ecuador (SABE) National Survey of Health,

Wellbeing and old age, one of three older

adults in Ecuador presents a chronic illness.

6

0% of the population has visual hearing

problems, those illness affect their daily

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that no one pays attention about their

wellbeing and have lower self-esteem.

Illness such us hypothyroidism, cerebral

vascular accidents, and psycho social factors

like retirement, grief, and sleep problems,

inadequate nutrition could be more present

in depressed adults than others.

following: 80/% are in complete

abandonment, no family relations, 82, 33%

have a diagnoses of depression and a

relationship between abandonment and

depression. Most women reported no

having children. 90% have medical

problems. Only 10% of individuals receive

family visits, 47% had not formal education.

In Colombia a study in ambulatory attending

ambulatory services found depression at

1.2. Subjective Factors of Quality of Life

Life Satisfaction

1

1.5% in women and 4% in men, in another

survey found 47% of men living in an

institution, suffered of depression and the

national survey found 60% in older adults in

general. In Chile the depression reported in

this population is 16.3% (Calderon, 2018).

Social

cultural

process

and

the

interdependency between its members is

very import in their development. Erikson

explains, how since you are born the

relationship

with

your

caretaker

According to INEC, (2017) 11% of older

adults in Ecuador live alone, 49% live with

one child, 16% with a grandchild, and 15%

with a partner o spouse. 81% are satisfied

with their life, 28% are in abandonment, 38%

sometimes feel that their lives are empty

and 46% feel that something bad may

happened to them, 83% feel that their life

satisfaction will improve if they live with

somebody. 73% of the older adults that live

alone think that (CPD, 2017).

determinates the level of confidence in

others is developed a this age, when we are

children the level of hope, how our peers

and our personality developed our identity,

our relationship with the social and cultural

institutions, how our socioeconomic status

determinates how we can offer our children

their needs. The older adult faces to have

their integrity and no to fell in despair. It will

be how they contemplate their life, if they

have no the feeling of plenitude. Since this is

a process accumulative, the life could not

In a study made in Ecuador by Zamora (2021,

p. 66) in an institution in Patate found the

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have this result and fell in despair

Bordignon, 2005, p. 54-59).

contribution to their member that enter in

the stage of the late life.

(

To Urzúa y Caqueo (2012, p. 61-77) every

individual makes an evaluation on the

framing of personal satisfaction in the

different life domains and generally its

centered in the subjective side of the

individuals, leaving on the side other factors

such as economic, social, political and

cultural context o even their health status to

reach personal satisfaction.

According to López (2010), personal

autonomy is a set of skills that people have

to make decisions, choose and take

responsibilities. The individuals acquire

autonomy thru learning, interaction

between people and one self, and require

constant practice of personal auto

determination.

Abandonment

Cabañero et al (2004) claim states that life

satisfaction is a global assessment that the

individual triumphs with their expectative,

puts the context and the subjective welfare

of their quality of life, which influences in

connotes judgments on life satisfaction, in

the other side affective evaluations over

emotions and humor.

Ecuador has 1.049.824 older adults over 65

years old (6.5% of the total population.

1

2

4.9% are victims of abandonment (CEPAL,

019), due to their dependence older adults

suffered different type of maltreatment,

family abandonment, and that rural zones

this has a higher rate.

INEC (2008), reports that 10.7% of older

adults responds to live alone, 37.9% states

that their life is empty and 27.6% feels

hopeless.

Personal Autonomy

In some societies their pursuit is that their

citizens become independents since there

are very Young to their end, based in their

economic status or their contributions they

made to the state, In the other hand, other

societies they want to strength their

Leisure

To some societies the time of retirement is a

time to enjoy after working for so many

years and plan this time, putting emphasis in

leisure activities.

community life

y

solidarity is the

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Montero & Bedmar (2010) explain leisure

from an objective look, affirms that leisure

are activities o resources that in an

optionally and voluntarily way to use our

time. Subjectivity explains that a satisfactory

experience reflects our way to be and our

preferences in which we manifested and

become free. Leisure time has social and

cultural elements that are in constant

evolution and contributes from personal to

social and economic to configure habits, the

different ways of understanding recreation

in new ways of activities, life style and rest.

society, they have poor physical and

psychological health, there are studies from

the 70 y 80 that relate morbidity and

disability to social relationships (López,

2017).

State and Society

Article 25 of Letter of ONU Human Rights

(1948).

1

. Every individual have the right of a life

status adequate that gives security and his

family, the health and wellbeing, specially

food, dress, housing, medical assistance and

necessary social services, also has the right

to unemployment, illness, disability, loss of

love one, older age and other cases of losing

their means to survive for circumstances not

related to his will.

Social Relationship

Social relations are very important to older

adults, re affirms their identity, their

belonging, helps their self-esteem and

solidarity feelings, creating am state of

wellbeing.

From a legal aspect, the Ecuadorian

Constitution. Article 37 determinates that

the state has to guarantee to older adults

rights like: free and specialized health

services, payed jobs, universal retirement,

discounts in public and private services,

taxes exonerations and notary payments

and the access to housing that gives them

secures their integrity and a dignifying life

Social relationships are defined as personal

interactions that have their own structure at

the moment of the relationship between

individuals, is made up of qualitative aspects

and behaviors, it´s functional dimension

contains social support, social networking,

that act thru a psychosocial mechanism,

which influences in the individual´s health,

knowing that they are excluded from

(Constituyente, 2008).

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Another law that protects older adults,

become older adults, adding that

individually did not resolve their economic

problems. They become dependable of the

services that the state could offer.

promotes the elimination of abandonment,

discrimination, hate, exploitation, violence

and abuse for age reason, against older

adults, within the competences of the

participants of the System in conformity of

actual legislation (Ley Orgánica de las

Personas Adultas Mayores, 2019).

2. METHODOLOGY

In the present research the method

qualitative-quantitative method was used. A

structured interview with questions that

referred to indicators of quality of life. Due

to that the population was rural, the data

were collected in two journeys to cover the

Tisaleo territory.

Collective Social Responsibility: It is the state

obligation, society and the family, respect

the older adults rights, and to generate

adequate conditions and efficiency to

develop their life projects, and of preference

when they are in vulnerable conditions (Ley

Orgánica de las Personas Adultas Mayores,

2

.1. Population and sample

The population of the research project is

made by older adults of Tisaleo. For

convenience the interviews were done in the

center of Tisaleo and Quinchicoto that cover:

El Chilco-La Esperanza, Santa Marianita,

Santa Lucia, y the Dolorosa town. The

population that was interviewed was found

in an aleatory way , identifying older adults

in the street of the locations, also

information was acquired thanks to the

collaboration of the 30 older adults on

Quinchincoto that belong to the My Best

years Program.

2

019).

Older adults suffer of employment

discrimination, the government has to be

competent and democratic, decentralized,

local governments must give solutions to the

population necessities especially in what

refers to health, economy, housing and

recreation (Henry, 2013).

The theory of poverty cycle, and structural

theories explains how the distribution of

wealth and the social politics of health

services, education, food, affects the life of

the people since they are born until they

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The sampling was 80 older adults that

answered to a 2000 older adult population

that the government of Tisaleo and the

Department of Research of the Law and

Social Science Faculty of the Ambato

Technical University identified. The sampling

has an error margin of 10% and a level of

confidence of 93%

Table 2.

The age media of the population is between

7

3

5 and 80 years old. 61,3% are women, and

8.8 are men. Statistical data show that

Table 3.

there are more women than men in Tisaleo.

3

. RESULTS

The following results have been taken from

the thesis that done by Martínez (2021). The

thesis was part of the research project and

tabulated the data collected by the students

of Social Work Career. Only data that was

significant for this article was taken, the

graphics and tables were maintained.

Table 4.

3

.1. Health Factors

How do you assess your health?

Table 1.

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Table 5.

Table 9.

Table 6.

Table 10.

Table 7.

Table 11.

Table 8.

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Table 12.

gender and the majority of analyzed

variables, but in the following.

Within the several psychological problems,

the feminine gender presents more sadness

and stress than men (p = .023 and p = .015).

Related to the last data, men affirmed they

do not have any psychological problem (p =

.044).

Table 13.

Men had more friend social support than

women (p = .024).

Women more than men wanted that the

government implement the senior center.

MMA (p = .032).

In any case, it should be mentioned other

significations proximal at .05, that could

explain how women and men see their

situation with respect to their gender.

Table 14.

Women has more articulations and sleep

problems (p = .087).

Women also have more mobility problems

than men (p = .140).

Men have more neighbors social support (p

=

.087).

Women dedicate more time to visit their

family (p = .095).

3

.2. Inferential Analysis

Significant differences were not found (Chi-

Cuadrado, p > .05, bilateral), between

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Finally, men more than women wanted that

or petitions to their government. 43.8%

asked for a better quality of the Health

Services, and delivery of medicine to their

homes. 28.8% affirm that they require a

balanced and nutritional meal. 18.8%

require financial aid. 15% of the population

of the research asked for more recreational

places, 11.3% of the population require a

place for My best Years Program, 5% asked

for the construction of a General Hospital,

also road ways and access to transportation,

they also demand alphabetization and

education campaigns only 3,8% demand the

construction of a nursing home.

the government should better off their food

intake (p = .087).

About the age, there is not significant

differences (Spearman, p > .05) except that

when age increases, older adults dedicate

less time to care for animals or farm

activities (p = .016), they need more hygiene

supplies (p = .040); and wish more than

younger counterparts that Health Center

Services offer more medical checkups and

delivery of medicine to their homes.

Therefore, even there is not mayor

difference between gender and the variables

that were analyzed, the significations that

were mentioned, could be consider

sufficient relevant to make distinction at the

time to offer interventions, or to develop

strategic plans to better of the older adults

quality of life in a more specific way and not

generalized, as for example for mobility and

psychological therapies for women who

suffer more sadness an insomnia.

5

. CONCLUSIONS

Thru the present research and analyses and

interpretation of results. The conclusion is

that the material conditions of older adults

of Tisaleo, are limited due to the fact that the

majority are in the index of poverty and

extreme poverty, because they have more

than one unsatisfied basic need (NBI), low

economic resources, inclusive whom

received financial aid from the government.

In reference to their housing needs,

although they have city water, electricity and

sewer, they are in need of safe living

conditions, access to bathrooms, furniture,

4

. DISCUSSION

Older adult population of Tisaleo in a

collective way and by sector have given

raised their concerns about their problems

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health supplies, gas, due to the fact that a lot

people still cook with fire a small group

affirmed that are in need of technological

equipment as telephones, and internet so

they could talk to their love ones.

but a quarter of the population this

relationship are not for support, that is why

they rank they quality of life and regular and

bad due to causes as psychological violence,

physical and patrimonial.

The health determinants of older adults of

Tisaleo, come from the autoevalutaion f your

health status, the influence of their illness,

mobility, quality of medical attention, access

to medicine in their local Public Health

Services. As conclusion the majority of elder

adults have a negative health assessment,

with the presence of two or three illness per

individual, being the most common,

articulation and bone problems, visual and

hearing problems, high blood pressure. On

mobility half of the older adults can move to

do their daily activities without mayor

problems. Older adults of Tisaleo found

themselves unsatisfied with access y quality

of attention and medicine in the public

health services, because of that they have to

go to other locations. Finally is important to

conclude that the older adults are in need of

food supply of quality.

The quality of life in terms of leisure shows

favorable, although older adults have little

time for them due to farm activities, they do

at least one of the following activities,

meetings with other older adults, going out

for a walking, family visits, religious activities

and inclusive sports and artistic activities

within their possibilities.

The general characteristic of quality of life of

the older adult could be described as that in

the majority they live with a family member,

although a quarter of them live alone as

independent adults, living with someone

does not mean that they do not have

isolation feelings, being this tone the most

important mental health issues, as loss of

memory, stress, feelings of sadness,

depression, due to loss of love ones. For this

most of the half of older adults found

themselves as not satisfied with their quality

of life.

Their quality of life in what is referent to

their social network could be determined as

positive, the mayoralty has family, neighbors

and friends with good relations with them,

RECOMMENDATIONS

This the

study

concludes

that

recommendation to the Mayor of Tisaleo

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and his government is the creation of

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