Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES IN THE FAMILY ENVIRONMENT: A VIEW FROM THE SYSTEMIC  
MODEL  
ENFERMEDADES ONCOLÓGICAS EN EL ENTORNO FAMILIAR: UNA VISIÓN DESDE EL MODELO  
SISTÉMICO  
Tapia-Segarra Jenny Irlanda 1  
Quiroga-Uzhca Sandra Elizabeth  
2
1
Docente de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Correo:  
jtapias@ucacue.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-7692.  
2
Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Correo: sandraqu.23@gmail.com. ORCID ID:  
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1023-8202.  
ABSTRACT:  
The study that is presented presents an analysis of the presence of oncological diseases and their main problems  
within the family dynamics resulting from the very nature of this disease, the approach was developed from the  
systemic model. The proposed objective was to determine the impact that oncological diseases produce in the family  
environment of patients who attended the Comprehensive Support Center for Cancer Patients and the Foundation  
for the Service of the Cancer Patient "FASEC" in the city of Cuenca, Ecuador. The methodology was quantitative, with  
the use of the deductive process through which statistical data was obtained that later allowed an analysis to be  
carried out, establishing specific characteristics from the general to the particular. The collection of information was  
carried out through a structured survey that was applied to both patients and relatives who attended the  
aforementioned centers. The description of the impact on family dynamics is the greatest finding to be presented,  
since a high rate of patients abandon their work activities due to suffering from an oncological disease presented in  
their body. It is important to mention that most of the patients come from other provinces to receive care in the city  
of Cuenca, since most of them are derived from other Public Health Institutions, however, most of them attend the  
consultations alone, according to the results obtained, it is due to the costs of mobilization and the activities carried  
out by their relatives, even because they have had to choose to be heads of household.  
Keywords: Family environment, oncological disease, cancer, patient, family, vulnerability.  
RESUMEN:  
El estudio que se presenta, expone un análisis de la presencia de enfermedades oncológicas y sus principales  
problemas dentro de la dinámica familiar consecuentes de la naturaleza misma de esta enfermedad, el abordaje de  
desarrolló desde el modelo sistémico. El objetivo planteado fue determinar el impacto que producen las  
enfermedades oncológicas en el entorno familiar de pacientes que acudieron al Centro de Apoyo Integral para  
Pacientes con Cáncer y la Fundación al Servicio del Enfermo con Cáncer “FASEC” de la ciudad de Cuenca, Ecuador.  
La metodología fue de tipo cuantitativo, con la utilización del proceso deductivo mediante el cual se obtuvo datos  
estadísticos que permitieron posteriormente realizar un análisis estableciendo características específicas de lo  
general a lo particular. La recolección de la información fue realizada a través de una encuesta estructurada que se  
aplicó tanto a los pacientes como a los familiares que acudieron a los centros. La descripción del impacto en la  
dinámica familiar es el mayor hallazgo a presentarse, puesto que, un alto índice de pacientes abandonan sus  
actividades laborales a causa del padecimiento de alguna enfermedad oncológica presentada en su organismo. Es  
importante mencionar que la mayoría de los pacientes provienen desde otras provincias para recibir atención en la  
ciudad de Cuenca ya que en su mayoría son derivados de otras Instituciones de Salud Pública, sin embargo, la mayor  
parte de ellos acuden solos a las consultas, según los resultados obtenidos se debe a los gastos de movilización y las  
actividades que realizan sus familiares inclusive porque han tenido que optar por ser jefes de hogar.  
Palabras Clave: Entorno familiar, enfermedad oncológica, cáncer, paciente, familia, vulnerabilidad.  
Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.  
81  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
1
. INTRODUCTION  
The study of oncological diseases in the  
produce in the family environment, Focusing  
research on patients and relatives of the  
Cancer Patient Support Center and the  
Foundation for the Service of Cancer  
Patients "FASEC" of the city of Cuenca.  
family context significantly disrupts aspects  
of human life; Worldwide, cancer diseases  
affect all types of people; The World Health  
Organization (WHO) mentions that "cancer  
is the leading cause of death worldwide, in  
The Ministry of Public Health (MSP)  
mentions: "Oncological diseases, particularly  
cancer constitutes an important and growing  
public health problem in Ecuador, , this being  
the second cause of general mortality, after  
cardiovascular diseases ” (2017, p.14), they  
can affect all human beings without any  
distinction, triggering the abandonment of  
daily activities, consequently affecting the  
economic, family and social situation; For  
this reason, the Constitution of the Republic  
of Ecuador designates them as catastrophic  
diseases, considering people who suffer  
from these diseases part of the vulnerable  
groups of society.  
2
015 8.8 million deaths were attributed to  
it" (2018), due to these alarming data the  
prevention and awareness raising seek to  
provide timely, life-saving treatment.  
The investigation of the impact of  
oncological diseases in the family  
environment is superlative, compared to  
studies of family dynamics and their  
interrelationships, this is imminently  
seriously affected and both the patient and  
the family need support, treatment and  
accompaniment. Although these diseases do  
not distinguish race, age, social condition,  
gender, etc. However, breast and prostate  
cancer are the most detected, frequently  
after the age of 40, according to data from  
the SOLCA Matrix Tumor Registry Web  
Portal, in 2012 there were 236 cases of  
mortality of women and 184 of men due to  
cancer in the city of Cuenca (2018). The  
present study was considered in order to  
identify the impact that cancer diseases  
State of the art  
It is the duty of the Ecuadorian state to  
guarantee the rights of citizens, promoting  
policies that vulnerable groups of priority  
attention. Thus, the Constitution of the  
Republic of Ecuador in Art. 32 states:  
82  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
Health is a right guaranteed by the State,  
the realization of which is linked to the  
exercise of other rights, including the right  
to water, food, education, physical  
culture, work, social security, healthy  
environments and others that sustain  
good living. (2008)  
orphan diseases, published in Official  
Gazette 625 of 24 in January 2012, Art. 1  
states:  
The Ecuadorian State will recognize  
catastrophic and rare or orphan diseases  
of national interest; and, through the  
national health authority, will implement  
the necessary actions for the health care  
of the patients who suffer from them, in  
order to improve their quality and life  
expectancy, under the principles of  
availability, accessibility, quality and  
warmth; and, quality standards, in the  
Access to health services is one of the  
fundamental rights; the Ministry of Public  
Health through the Organic Law of Health, in  
Chapter I On the right to health and  
protection in Article. 3 establishes that  
“
Health is the complete state of physical,  
mental and social well-being and not only  
the absence of affections or diseases. It is an  
inalienable, indivisible and uncompromising  
human right, whose protection and  
guarantee is the primary responsibility of the  
State” (2012).  
promotion,  
prevention,  
diagnosis,  
treatment, rehabilitation, habilitation  
and cure. (2012)  
The State, through health entities, promotes  
prevention and awareness campaigns on  
catastrophic, rare or orphan diseases; the  
dissemination of information about  
treatments that improve the quality of life  
and increase the life expectancy of the  
patient is important.  
In addition, the Constitution of the Republic  
of Ecuador (2008) in the third chapter,  
section seventh, people with catastrophic  
diseases in Art. 50 states: "The State will  
guarantee to every person suffering from  
catastrophic or highly complex illnesses, the  
right to specialized and free care at all levels,  
in a timely and preferential manner" (p.43).  
On the other hand, the Organic Health Law  
in Chapter III-A of catastrophic and rare or  
•
Cancer, types and treatments  
For greater precision, the terminologies  
used were those used by different  
institutions and specialized organizations in  
the study of oncological diseases; thus the  
83  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
World Health Organization (2018) affirms  
that: “Cancer is a process of uncontrolled  
growth and dissemination of cells. It can  
appear almost anywhere on the body. The  
tumor usually invades the surrounding tissue  
and can cause metastasis in distant parts of  
the body, (…)”. For its part, the definition of  
the Royal Spanish Academy (2014) defines it  
as "tumor is the mass of transformed cells,  
with abnormal growth and multiplication".  
There is a number of investigations carried  
out worldwide on the factors that affect the  
probability of suffering from cancer, without  
determining exactly the reasons why cancer  
only develops in certain types of people  
despite being exposed to the same  
conditions. However, studies have made it  
possible to establish contexts and factors  
that can develop and accelerate the growth  
of cancer cells in the body; such as the  
consumption  
of:  
alcohol,  
tobacco,  
Regardless of the definitions, nor its  
variability of manifestations, what is  
currently alarming is the condition that it has  
caused and its growing data worldwide,  
being of vital importance, the campaigns and  
preventive measures that the State executes  
through its institutions responsible for the  
health field.  
marijuana, among other licit and illicit  
substances that can increase the risk of  
contracting the disease.  
Some of the most widely used treatments  
are surgery for tumors that are localized and  
that have not spread to other parts of the  
body. The National Cancer Institute (2015)  
mentions: “Surgery can be minimally open  
or invasive; in open surgery, the surgeon  
makes a large cut to remove the tumor, (…);  
in minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon  
makes a few small cuts instead of a large  
one, (…).”  
The World Health Organization (World  
Health Organization, 2018) points out that:  
“the five types of cancer that cause the  
highest number of fatalities are: lung (1.69  
million deaths); liver (788,000 deaths);  
colorectal (744,000 deaths); gastric (754,000  
deaths); mammary (571,000 deaths)”, it is  
important to know and report on certain  
characteristics or warning symptoms known  
as risk factors.  
Radiation therapy is a type of treatment  
used to eliminate cancer cells, however, it is  
not applicable to all types of cancer, so  
factors such as: the type of cancer, size,  
location, age, etc. must be considered. On  
84  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
the other hand, "Chemotherapy is a type of  
Communication between the patient and his  
family group is a primary factor as support to  
cope with an oncological disease, it is  
important that the family nucleus, through  
cancer treatment that uses drugs to destroy  
cancer cells" (National Cancer Institute,  
2
015).  
communication  
and  
appropriate  
In the presence of oncological diseases in the  
family environment, communication plays  
an important role when transmitting  
information to its members according to  
their needs and characteristics. According to  
Watzlawick, Beavin & Jackson (1985) cited  
by Mildred Puello, Marta Silva & Adriana  
Silva (2014) mention that:  
professional intervention, is a participant in  
the treatment, in addition, daily contact with  
the patient improves their emotional  
stability.  
•
Palliative care  
In Ecuador there are several Institutions that  
provide support to patients and their  
Communication becomes important  
because its meaning appears within a  
context and the study of people's  
relationships in that particular context  
fulfills a symbolic function (message,  
information), which is perceived and  
where it has sense and meaning. For this  
reason, communication is based on social  
conventions and reality is a product of  
communication. This is very important for  
the family, because it is an interaction  
process where horizontal and vertical  
relationships are built, messages,  
information, affections, behaviors are  
exchanged.  
families  
through  
various  
programs  
developed through the Ministry of Public  
Health, aimed at terminally ill people who  
require extenuating care whose cost is  
extremely high and even unattainable for  
many people. For its part, the Cancer Patient  
Care Center of the city of Cuenca provides  
care to people with oncological diseases for  
the control and management of symptoms,  
in addition, the professionals of the  
multidisciplinary team provide services in  
the social and psychological area promoting  
a life dignified; Likewise, the “FASEC”  
Foundation provides its services to people  
suffering from such a disease and maintains  
hospitalized  
patients  
with  
terminal  
diagnoses; the importance of the  
85  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
multidisciplinary team is evident both in  
medical terms when offering palliative care  
and, working together, socially and  
emotionally with the patient and his family.  
had a quantitative cut accompanied by a  
deductive analysis process, the  
characteristics of the general to the  
particular of the impact of oncological  
diseases in the family environment of the  
patients were determined, facilitating  
obtaining statistical data.  
2
. METHODOLOGY  
The research was developed using a  
quantitative approach; its analysis responds  
to the deductive method, with the  
application of a survey directed to the  
relatives of the patients who attended the  
Cancer Patient Care Center and the  
Foundation for the Cancer Patient Service  
3. RESULTS  
The universe of the population analyzed was  
6
5
5 patients. Of the surveyed population,  
0.77% (33) are female while 49.23% (32)  
are male. Regarding the occupations of the  
patients, 58.46% correspond to people who  
performed some type of work before being  
diagnosed with an oncological disease;  
"
FASEC" in the city of Cuenca during the  
period October 2018 - March 2019, allowed  
to determine the characteristics and impact  
of oncological diseases in the family  
environment.  
2
9
9.23% used to carry out household chores,  
.23% were studying, while 3.08% carried  
out another type of activity.  
With a framework in the activities carried  
out by the institutions, the research scenario  
Table 1. Current occupation of the patient.  
Value Tag  
Value Frequency Percentage  
Valid  
percentage  
Accumulated  
percentage  
Work  
2
3
4
7
5
52  
10,77  
7,69  
80,00  
10,77  
7,69  
80,00  
10,77  
18,46  
98,46  
Housework  
Abandoned their  
activities  
Other  
5
1
1,54  
1,54  
100,00  
Total  
65  
100,0  
100,0  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor of Labor and Social Service.  
86  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
Out of 100% of the patients, the results  
reflect that 80% correspond to people who  
abandoned their activities since the  
oncological disease was diagnosed, 10.77%  
continue to carry out their work despite the  
complications of their disease, while the  
7.69% carry out household chores, and  
1.54% are engaged in other types of  
activities.  
Table 2. Who covers the patient's expenses.  
Value Tag  
Value Frequency Percentage  
Valid  
percentage  
Accumulated  
percentage  
own means  
couple  
parents  
children  
others  
1
2
3
4
5
19  
26  
5
12  
3
29,23  
40,00  
7,69  
18,46  
4,62  
29,23  
40,00  
7,69  
18,46  
4,62  
29,23  
69,23  
76,92  
95,38  
100,00  
Total  
65  
100,0  
100,0  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor in Labor and Social Service.  
Of the population universe, 40% receive  
financial support from their partner, 29.23%  
correspond to patients who have their own  
means to satisfy their needs, 18.46% cover  
their expenses with the economic support of  
their children, and 7.69% have financial  
support from their parents, while 4.62%  
receive financial help from other people.  
Table 3. Relationship between patient and family group.  
Value Tag  
Value Frequency Percentage  
Valid  
percentage  
Accumulated  
percentage  
Good  
Regular  
Bad  
1
2
3
37  
22  
6
56,92  
33,85  
9,23  
56,92  
33,85  
9,23  
56,92  
90,77  
100,00  
Total  
65  
100,0  
100,0  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor in Labor and Social Service.  
87  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
Of the 100% of the analyzed population,  
6.92% report that the patient and the  
family group maintain a good relationship,  
Table 4. Family reaction to oncological disease.  
33.85% maintain a regular relationship and  
5
finally 9.23% have a bad relationship.  
Value Tag  
Value Frequency Percentage  
Valid  
percentage  
Accumulated  
percentage  
Anger  
Fear  
Sadness  
Denial  
1
2
3
4
5
7
10,77  
40,00  
23,08  
15,38  
10,77  
10,77  
40,00  
23,08  
15,38  
10,77  
10,77  
50,77  
73,85  
89,23  
100,00  
26  
15  
10  
7
Acceptance  
Total  
65  
100,0  
100,0  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor in Labor and Social Service.  
Of the 100% of the surveyed population,  
0% felt fear when they learned that their  
15.38% presented a positive and accepting  
4
attitude, 10, 77% perceived anger and denial  
with 10.77% as a form of rejection of the  
disease.  
relative was diagnosed with an oncological  
disease, 23.08% experienced sadness,  
Table 5. Family functionality against oncological diseases.  
Value Tag  
Value Frequency Percentage  
Valid Accumulated  
percentage percentage  
Economy  
Recreation and healthy  
enjoyment.  
1
2
29  
21  
44,62  
32,31  
44,62  
32,31  
44,62  
76,92  
Socialization  
Conduct, habits, norms.  
Independence.  
All.  
3
4
5
7
8
2
1
7
1
4
3,08  
1,54  
10,77  
1,54  
6,15  
3,08  
1,54  
10,77  
1,54  
6,15  
80,00  
81,54  
92,31  
93,85  
100,00  
None.  
Total  
65  
100,0  
100,0  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor in Labor and Social Service.  
88  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
Family  
function  
presented  
serious  
recreation and healthy enjoyment, 10.77%  
considered independence, 6.15% mentioned  
that family functions are not affected, 3.08%  
opted for socialization, due to the time they  
remain in medical institutions.  
alterations in the presence of oncological  
diseases, thus, it can be seen that 44.62% of  
respondents indicated that the economy is  
more affected at home, 32.31% Said  
Table 6. Variable correlation.  
Summary cases  
Valid  
Lost  
Total  
Occupation before  
current occupation  
N
Percentage  
N Percentage  
N
65  
Percentage  
100,0%  
65 100,0%  
0
0,0%  
Occupation _before* current _ occupation [row %, column %]  
Current occupation  
Occupation  
before  
Work  
Housework  
Abandoned  
their activities  
Other  
Total  
Study  
,00%  
,00%  
,00%  
100,00%  
11,54%  
,00%  
,00%  
100,00%  
9,23%  
,
00%  
Work  
18,42%  
,00%  
,00%  
81,58%  
59,62%  
,00%  
,00%  
100,00%  
58,46%  
!
00,00%  
,00%  
Housework  
Other  
26,32%  
100,00%  
73,68%  
26,92%  
,00%  
,00%  
100,00%  
29,23%  
,
00%  
,00%  
,00%  
,00%  
50,00%  
1,92%  
50,00%  
100,00%  
100,00%  
3,08%  
,
00%  
Total  
10,77%  
7,69%  
100,00%  
80,00%  
100,00%  
1,54%  
100,00%  
100,00%  
100,00%  
1
00,00%  
Authorship: Sandra Quiroga, Bachelor in Labor and Social Service.  
With the use of the Chi Square statistic with  
a level of similarity of 0.001, being located on  
the significant side, it allowed to verify the  
presence of oncological diseases if they  
affect the family environment in 78.46%, in  
relation to the functions of the family the  
economy is one more affected within the  
family group with 44.62%.  
89  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
4
. DISCUSSION  
support of their relatives to meet their  
needs, both social and economic. Regarding  
the article Knowledge about palliative care  
of relatives of cancer patients (2007), it can  
be stated that:  
Cancer is a disease that afflicts society in  
general, regardless of the economic and  
social situation, this can be evidenced in the  
development of this research work  
Oncological diseases in the family  
environment: a view from the systemic  
model; Considering 33 female patients and  
Every person, regardless of their health or  
condition, has the right to receive minimal  
care, just because they are a person, if  
their dignity is not to be underestimated.  
A terminal patient is no exception. The  
dying patient's physician, family, friends,  
nurses, social workers, and other close  
individuals are obligated to provide help  
or support including psychosocial and  
emotional care to the end.  
3
2
male  
patients  
attending  
the  
Comprehensive Support Center for Cancer  
Patients and the Foundation for the Service  
of the Cancer Patient "FASEC" in the city of  
Cuenca, Ecuador as the object of study;  
Those who dedicated their time to  
developing various daily activities were  
forced to abandon them due to illness. in  
some cases their studies, their work and, in  
general, their daily activities. What makes  
patients with this disease depend on the  
care of their relatives. According to Gómez  
Sancho & Ojeda Martín (2014) "The family  
can collaborate effectively and actively in  
the care of the patient if they are properly  
instructed in the control of symptoms, and in  
hygiene and comfort measures" (p. 14).  
Interpersonal relationships are fundamental  
in the development of the human being,  
even more so, if it is a painful person who is  
going through an ontological disease; since  
they need both financial and emotional care  
and support. The disease causes in patients  
an alteration of their emotional state, the  
whole context to which they belong is  
affected. The support of the family group is  
essential when facing the disease, the  
individual needs both professional and  
family support. A person alone cannot face  
an oncological disease. According to  
Patients with oncological diseases suffer  
from various ailments for which they present  
a variety of symptoms that do not allow  
them to function on their own, needing the  
90  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Oncological diseases in the family environment: a view from the systemic model  
Rodríguez regarding palliative care received  
family group is good, on the contrary,  
50.77% argue that communication between  
members of the family environment is  
regular. It should be noted that most of the  
people indicated that the norms, limits and  
hierarchies are respected.  
by cancer patients, he emphasizes that:  
You cannot live without hope, in the same  
way that you cannot die without those  
hopes and  
the family plays a crucial  
role in this task, the care and warmth  
provided by the family, as well as their  
reaction to the proximity of the death of  
the sick person will influence tolerance  
towards one's own death and the death of  
others. (2016)  
Respondents indicated that they perceived  
feelings of fear and sadness upon learning  
that a member of their family suffers from an  
oncological disease, while 50.77% of the  
patients feel positive in relation to the  
treatment.  
5
. CONCLUSIONS  
RECOMMENDATIONS  
The research showed that there is a similar  
percentage of men and women who suffer  
from oncological diseases, 40% of the  
patients are seniors, most of the patients  
have a stable couple, and 44.62% are native  
from the province of El Oro, which is why the  
city of Cuenca is considered a relevant  
locality in the care of oncological diseases.  
Preparation of an action plan directing the  
intervention of the Social Work professional  
so that patients and their families have  
timely guidance and advice, supporting their  
work with the multidisciplinary team.  
Development of informative workshops on  
the types of cancer, symptoms, causes,  
prevention  
measures, controls  
and  
5
8.46% of patients performed their work  
treatments that contribute to the awareness  
of oncological diseases aimed at patients  
and families.  
activities before being diagnosed with an  
oncological disease, however, currently 80%  
of people abandoned their activities,  
therefore, and their expenses are covered  
mainly by their partner.  
Provide care to the patient's family as part of  
the process of acceptance of the disease,  
since the intervention has focused primarily  
on the person with cancer.  
5
6.92% of those surveyed consider that the  
relationship between the patient and the  
91  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)  
BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES  
National Cancer Institute. (2015). Retrieved  
from  
Cáncer Fighting Society. (2018). Retrieved  
from  
https://www.cancer.gov/espanol/tip  
os/seno/paciente/tratamiento-seno-  
pdq  
http://www.estadisticas.med.ec/we  
bpages/index.jsp  
Puello Scarpati, M., Silva Pertuz, M., & Silva  
Silva, A. (2014). Limits, rules,  
communication in a single parent  
family with teenage children. Scielo,  
Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador.  
(
2008). Constitution of the Republic  
of Ecuador. Montecristi: National  
Assembly. Obtenido de  
2
30-231.  
Rodríguez Rodríguez, N. Y., Ruiz Valdés, Y., &  
Carvajal Herrera, A. (2007).  
https://www.asambleanacional.gob.  
ec/sites/default/files/documents/ol  
d/constitucion_de_bolsillo.pdf  
Knowledge about palliative care of  
relatives of cancer patients. Scielo.  
Gomez Sancho, M., & Ojeda Martín, M.  
(2014). Palliative care: symptom  
control. Montevideo Uruguay.  
Rodríguez, F. (2016). Meanings of palliative  
care for the family of the cancer  
patient. 9.  
Gómez Sancho, M., & Ojeda Martín, M.  
(2014). Palliative care: symptom  
control (Séptima ed.). Montevideo  
Uruguay.  
Royal Spanish Academy. (2014). Spanish  
language dictionary. Royal Spanish  
Academy.  
Ministry of Public Health. (2012). Obtenido  
de  
World Health Organization. (2018).  
https://www.todaunavida.gob.ec/w  
p-  
content/uploads/downloads/2015/0  
Retrieved  
https://gco.iarc.fr/today/online-  
analysis-  
from  
4
/SALUD-  
pie?v=2018&mode=cancer&mode_p  
opulation=continents&population=9  
LEY_ORGANICA_DE_SALUD.pdf  
0
0&populations=900&key=total&se  
x=0&cancer=39&type=0&statistic=5  
prevalence=0&population_group=  
&ages_group%5B%5D=0&ages_gro  
up%5B%5D=17&nb_items=7&group  
Ministry of Public Health. (2017). Retrieved  
from  
&
0
https://aplicaciones.msp.gob.ec:  
https://aplicaciones.msp.gob.ec/sal  
ud/archivosdigitales/documentosDir  
ecciones/dnn/archivos/ac_0059_20  
1
7.pdf  
92