Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

ECUADOR AS A DESTINY COUNTRY OF A VENEZUELAN MIGRATION

ECUADOR COMO PAÍS DE DESTINO DE LA MIGRACIÓN VENEZOLANA

1

Tapia-Segarra Jenny Irlanda

Arias-Crespo Lisseth Paola

2

3

Pardo-Medina María Ximena

1

Docente de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Correo:

jtapias@ucacue.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9479-7692.

2

3

Estudiante de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Correo:

lpariasc73@est.ucaue.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3730-0691.

Estudiante de la Carrera de Trabajo Social de la Universidad Católica de Cuenca. Cuenca, Ecuador. Correo:

mxpardom26@est.ucacue.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1789-6109.

ABSTRACT:

Venezuelan migration has a political and social background that brings with it an economic crisis, which has been

affecting different countries from Latin America including Ecuador. On the other hand, the lack of possibilities for

the development of a good life, where access to basic services is not affected has been one of the latent

consequences for the displacement of the Venezuelan population to various countries whose effects are visible in

the Ecuadorian environment. Is not strange to see Venezuelan citizens, women and men, as staff working in small

businesses such as: clothing stores, restaurants, groceries stores, ice cream shops, among others. Also, informal

work and begging cannot be put aside which has forced a large number of individuals of that nationality to be

observed in the city of Cuenca in recent months. The methodology used in the development of this research has

been considered the execution of interviews and life stories allowing to obtain data directly to be analyzed and

interpreted with scientific rigor. The research was initially developed with theoretical elements of the birth of

socialist policies, and the socioeconomic concepts that have been given throughout history; not having a specific

database, a second stage was continued where the diagnosis of the situation facing Venezuela within the areas

described above was made. And finally the different migratory processes were analyzed and the characteristics of

Venezuelan citizens living in Ecuador, mainly in the city of Cuenca.

Keywords: migration, population, economy, politics.

RESUMEN:

La migración venezolana tiene un trasfondo, tanto, político como social, que ha traído consigo una crisis económica

afectando a los diferentes países de América Latina, entre ellos Ecuador. Por otro lado, la falta de posibilidades para

el desarrollo de un buen vivir donde no se perjudique el acceso a los servicios básicos ha sido una de las

consecuencias latentes para el desplazamiento de la población venezolana a diversos países, cuyos efectos son

visibles en el entorno ecuatoriano; no es extraño, ver a personas tanto hombres y mujeres de nacionalidad

venezolana laborando en locales comerciales como: restaurantes, boutiques, heladerías, tienda de abarrotes,

supermercados, tiendas de electrodomésticos, entre otros; además, no se puede dejar de lado el trabajo informal y

la mendicidad que ha obligado a desarrollar un gran número de individuos de dicha nacionalidad que se observa de

manera especial en la ciudad de Cuenca en los últimos meses. La metodología utilizada en el desarrollo de la presente

investigación se ha considerado la ejecución de entrevista e historias de vida, permitiendo obtener datos de forma

directa para ser analizados e interpretados con rigurosidad científica. La investigación fue desarrollada en un primer

momento con elementos teóricos del nacimiento de las políticas socialistas, y los conceptos socioeconómicos que

se han dado a lo largo de la historia; al no poseer una base de datos concreta se continuó con una segunda etapa

donde se realizó el diagnóstico de la situación que enfrenta Venezuela dentro de los ámbitos descritos

anteriormente. Y finalmente se analizó los distintos procesos migratorios y las características de los ciudadanos

venezolanos radicados en el Ecuador principalmente en la ciudad de Cuenca.

Palabras Clave: migración, población, economía, política.

Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.

68

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

1

. INTRODUCTION

Migration has been considered an

alternative for survival on some occasions

for many families in vulnerable situations.

Because of this, it is necessary to know the

meaning of migration that corresponds to

the action carried out by one or more people

to go to another country making this your

place of residence in the short, medium or

long term according to both labor and social

conditions, also considering whether these

contribute to improving individual and

family living conditions. In addition, among

some of the important aspects that cause

migration, a socio-economic or / and

political alteration may be manifested,

which are part of the development of family

members.

the Ecuadorian country, especially in the city

of Cuenca, being evident the increase of

people of Venezuelan nationality in the

different sectors of the city. So much so that

one of his articles in the newspaper El

Comercio analyzes the migratory situation of

Venezuelans in Ecuador, identifying several

cities, such as:

Quito, Guayaquil, Ibarra, Manta and

Cuenca are the main cities of residence for

Venezuelans who have entered the

country. Most have third or fourth level

academic degrees. However, they have

enrolled in various trades and even in

informal commerce. There are no official

figures for the number of Venezuelans in

Ecuador. But, since September 2016 there

has been a growing wave of migration. (El

Comercio, 2017)

Therefore, the objective of the research was

to recognize the condition that led the

Venezuelan population to choose Ecuador as

a destination country, for this, it has been

considered important to identify the

socioeconomic and political reality of

Venezuela, and if these were the

determining factors for the development of

migration processes. Alluding that the

interest of the analysis focuses on mass

migration, whose effects are visible within

There is no doubt that Venezuelan migration

has become a problem where direct

intervention is concerned to identify

whether the reasons for this phenomenon, it

is due to the presidency of Nicolás Maduro

or the socialist bases wrongly proposed by

the old leaderships. Inasmuch as, the

Venezuelan government is currently going

through a difficult situation in its economy

69

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

due to political mismanagement, which has

caused its inhabitants to seek new frontiers

to improve their quality of life. In response

to the above, it is important to analyze

whether the utopian socialism of the 21st

century is a factor that caused the

deterioration of the sociopolitical condition

of Venezuelans.

on their income " (pág. 9). As a result of this,

the term "socialism" has mutated over the

years, being manipulated or misinterpreted

for too much or simply used as an excuse for

personal gain.

In the case of Venezuela, it occurs during the

leadership of Hugo Chávez, where it was

intended to establish a state based on a 21st

century socialism. In relation to this, Heinz

Dieterich Steffan writes the socialism of the

XXI century; this arises since 1945, after the

war in Afghanistan and the emergence of the

State of the art

•

Socialism

Socialism was born as a counterpart to the

rise of capitalism, it is proposed with the

objectives of equal distribution of goods,

whose administration is directed by the

same people, it also proposes the

elimination of social classes, that is, an

egalitarian society, all this with ideals of

great thinkers like Plato who uses this

expression to counteract the term

individualism which aims to create a utopian

society where, the harmony between the

beings that inhabit it is the secret for good

coexistence. On the other hand, in the article

published by Harnecker, he argues that

Third

World

Order,

"Participatory

democracy is the response of the peoples

and the hope of social movements" (Zamora

Lomelí, 2016, p. 171). According to the

virtual magazine Lifeder, Asia and Europe

are the countries where the socialist system

is most closely linked, some of them like

China, North Korea, Russia, Vietnam, among

others, are clear examples of a different use

of socialism.

According to Boron, Amadeo and González,

in an analysis of Marxist theory, they affirm

that:

“there are three social classes: the upper

class; the middle class and the lower class,

the classes depending on the material goods

that each of these groups have, will depend

In the eyes of the Marxist, the classless

society is revealed instead as a colorful

watercolor in which identities and ethnic

70

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

differences, cultural, linguistic, religious,

gender, sexual, aesthetic, etc., will be

strengthened once the restrictions that

Stalin and Trotsky, the People's Republic of

China with Mao Tse-Tung, among others.

•

Populism

prevent

their

flourishing

have

It is a transformation in a socio-political

situation, that centers citizen participation in

political life or is a mere appearance.

According to Andrés Malamud's reaction,

populism promotes:

disappeared: class society and class

exploitation. (Boron, Amadeo,

González, 2006, p. 187)

&

From a Marxist vision where the economic

and social superstructures are accompanied

by the materialism that make up society, has

The direct relationship between the

leader and the masses. To evade

parliaments and parties, populist leaders

construct an antinomy and stand on one

side: the town. The generic name of

populism is Manichaeism. More than

institutions or elites, the enemy of

populism is nuance. (2017)

a

proposed solution, consists of the

elimination of private property and control

of the means of production because the

system was adjusted in the concentration of

capital towards the sectors of great

opulence at the expense of the proletariat.

Because of this, Carrión Morán, performs an

analysis of the vision and focus on Marxist

theories, quoting Claus Offe, O’ Connor and

Milliband, emphasizes that “communism is

achieved when your needs, when each and

every one of the people in society has their

needs covered, everyone has the same

opportunities to get equal salary and status

and privileges disappear " (2003, pp. 100-

It can be both left or right as well as

conservative and progressive, all and each of

them operate on philosophical visions of

culture, history and anthropology. In the

case of Latin America, the vision of the

Cuban Revolution is taken as a basis, this was

of great influence towards the Latin

countries. According to Salinero Rates, his

study on populism is characterized by:

1

01). Some of the countries that have

inspired their governments in Marxist theory

are Cuba with Fidel Castro and Ernesto “el

che” Guevara, the Soviet Union with Lenin

The promise of a quick realization of the

wishes of the people as opposed to the

71

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

long-term

conflict

management

from being military dictatorships they would

become civil governments. They are directed

in the search for ideals based on the theories

described above, to monitor governments

without the need for military force, making

way for populism, in this way, to have

control and domination of a people through

manifestations of false promises.

procedures of democracy. That is why it is

argued that populism emphasizes the

disregard of institutional mediations that

are seen as obstacles to obtaining short-

term solutions to their problems, which

fits very well with the direct relationship

between the popular will and the leader.

(2015, p. 21)

•

Venezuela in 1920 to 1960

Populism considered

as

political

Between 1920-1960 Venezuela was part of

one of the first five democratic countries in

Latin America (Uruguay, Chile, Colombia,

Costa Rica and Venezuela); rests in one of

the largest oil reserves in the world.

Marcano & López write in an article what the

economy of Venezuela was like in the 60s, its

oil wealth reached a wealth similar to that of

Norway with: “298,350 million barrels of

crude, that could cover the current demand

in the United States for the next 70 years ”

(2016, pág. 1). In addition to its good

production of goods and services, they

would place it among one of the best

economies in South America. Similarly,

Sundell argues in his post: "Venezuela had

between 1973 until the end of 1980, one of

the most developed liberal democratic

systems outside the industrialized world"

movements, represented with great popular

support in which sectors belonging to the

non-working class participate, according to

Germani Gino he refers to populism as:

A form of socio-political mobilization, a

multi-class social movement, through which

backward masses participate who are

manipulated by demagogic and charismatic

leaders which, in turn, are part of regimes

that emerge in the historical phases of

transition and change of traditional society

to modern society, implying the passage

from a political system with restricted

participation to a political system with broad

participation. (1968, p. 371)

Meanwhile, the arrival of populism in Latin

America, has reflected what the Cuban

Marxist guerrilla was, to fight for power,

(2007, p. 16). However, being a bipartisan

72

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

country, it reached the breaking point in the

990s, with the arrival of Chávez to power.

successful due to the lack of foundations in

the ideals he raised.

1

On February 4, 1992, Hugo Chávez

commanded the Ezequiel Zamora operation,

which was a resounding failure, sentencing

him to prison for two years. In 1994, Rafael

Caldera assumed the presidency, who

agreed to cancel the process against Hugo

Chávez " After the charges against Chávez

were dropped, Commander Fidel Castro

would tour Venezuela demonstrating his

political project based on “the need to

convene a National Constituent Assembly

that will re-establish the Republic” (Duarte,

Hence, the beginning of his second term; He

was immersed in strikes, massive

demonstrations of citizens in the streets,

abstinences in commercial activities, closure

of educational institutions, among others,

that caused the silence of the press.

Generating great challenges for the life and

social peace of Venezuela. Since the

participation of socialist politics, the

Venezuelan country has been in an

economic and social disaster, which is

declining and harms not only this country

but all of Latin America.

2

014) .

Because the Presidency of Hugo Chávez

began in 1998 when he ran for the first time

Furthermore, in the same year, the

uncertainty in oil activities has negative

consequences for Venezuela, as it is an

eminently oil-rich country. The weak

demand for crude oil brought chaos in the

internal economy and the decline began in

practically all areas of development. This

suggests that the current government take

cautious measures in its financing program,

something that was not done, strongly

impacting internal sustainability.

in elections with

a socialist system,

emphasizing a proposal for social revolution.

In 1999 he assumed power with more than

8

1% of the vote, being the most popular in

polls. At the beginning of his government, he

divided the people of Venezuela into two

parts: the Chavistas who supported the

Bolivarian revolution and the opponents

who demanded greater economic freedom;

later, he would be elected for the second

and third time in the years 2002 and 2007

respectively where his terms were not

The arrival of Nicolás Maduro to the

presidency unfolds when Hugo Chávez won

73

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

his fourth presidential election in 2012,

however, some time later he died of cancer

on March 5, 2013. After this process, Nicolás

Maduro assumed the government of

Venezuela as “president in charge”, later on

April 14 the presidential elections were held,

where Maduro was officially elected

president of Venezuela for a period of four

years. Then the people re-elected him to the

presidency on May 22, 2018. In his

presidential term, oil began to fall

drastically, aggravating the situation in

Venezuela, from what was evident, the great

caravans of individuals leaving their country

in search of new opportunities for

themselves and their families. The chaos has

forced them to make the tough decision to

migrate to different Latin American

countries, including Ecuador.

In other words, they are people who leave

their country to settle in a foreign country, in

order to get a better job, to escape

persecution in their homeland or to seek

better health, education, security, work

conditions, etc.. Fernando Troyano points

out that the displacement of people caused

by wars and catastrophes fit the definition of

immigrant, although this group is often

called refugees (2002) .

In Venezuela, the current situation in the

country

aggravates

inflation

and

unemployment, hence the consequences of

the rise in prices, shortage of basic supplies,

violation of human rights, non-compliance in

the State system, increase in the rate of

violent crimes, delinquency, corruption

within institutional systems, both internal

and external debt, unemployment, strikes,

repression, seizure of the leadership of the

state, social division, are some of the social

ills that Venezuela suffers.

•

Immigration

Immigration is defined as the action and

effect of a person who comes to another

country to reside in it, generally due to

reasons such as economic, political and

social. Nicolás Bajo Santos defines

immigration as “a social phenomenon of the

first order, with all its implications of an

economic, political, demographic, cultural,

religious nature and of all kinds” (2017, p. 3).

These problems led hundreds of

Venezuelans to seek other horizons, far from

the land where they were born; currently

there are large groups of Venezuelans in

Spain, the United States, Chile, Ecuador,

Colombia, Panama, Mexico, Costa Rica and

among other countries or continents as can

74

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

be heard in the different media. That exodus

because it would no longer be called

enjoyment of all your rights, both for the

individual and for his family.This is

established by the Organic Law of Human

Mobility in the following articles:

(

emigration, but rather "flight") is due to

various factors, many of them associated

with the situation in the country and others,

obviously, of a personal nature. Insecurity,

anarchy, lack of opportunities, economic

crisis, lack of quality of life; are some of the

reasons why these citizens have found it

necessary to seek other borders to improve

the quality of life of their families, this with

the sacrifice of leaving their homeland.

Art 43.- Right to free, responsible mobility

and safe migration, art. 44.- Right to

request an immigration status, art. 46.-

Right to immigration information, Art.

4

7.- Access to justice under equal

conditions, art. 48.- Right to integration of

girls, boys and adolescents, art. 50.- Right

to register titles, art 51.- Right to work

and social security. (2017)

The truth is that in recent years the growing

migratory phenomena have caused family

abandonment, for having a better life; many

leave their children in the care of relatives or

close friends trying to provide them with

financial support, and to be able to support

their needs. Aruj Roberto states that the

decision to migrate is not made solely to

obtain satisfaction of basic needs, “But also

because of the imaginary opportunities that

arise from the structure of the labor market

and the general cultural and social

framework of the country to which it is

directed” (2008, p. 100). No matter how

hard, costly or risks this process entails; the

necessary procedures, the conditions

imposed by the destination state, equal

•

Ecuador as destination country

Ecuador is a country that has been

characterized by immigration for years,

however, in recent years it has gone from

being an emigrant country to a country that

receives immigrants from all continents,

furthermore, a relevant fact is that the

Ecuadorian territory has increased in

number of migrants since the principle of

universal citizenship was recognized in the

Montecristi constitution in 2008, according

to data from the Civil Organization of

Venezuelans in Ecuador, there are

approximately 28,347 Venezuelans in the

nation who live mainly in the cities of Quito,

75

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

Guayaquil, Cuenca, and Ibarra (Izurieta

Guevara & Viteri, 2018). Venezuela, a nation

that is going through a disastrous crisis,

reasons enough to migrate to another

country in search of a better life, many

Venezuelans chose Ecuador as their

destination country, another reason that

Venezuelans have emigrated to Ecuador is

because of the incredible devaluation of its

currency, on July 5, 2018, the website

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The methodology used in the present study

was clearly qualitative, through an

analytical-descriptive approach it was

possible to identify the situation that forced

Venezuelan citizens to leave their country.

As strategies for gathering information, the

interview and life stories were applied,

allowing their analysis and interpretation in

an effective way.

"

DolarToday" reveals that the bolivar is

devalued by 2815%, which corresponds to 1

dollar, equivalent to 3,500,265 bolivars.

According to Izurieta & Viteri, who argue:

3

. RESULTS

According to what was reported by the

interviewees, who mostly argue that the

phenomenon that the people of Venezuela

are currently experiencing is due to the

policy of their government and therefore to

the economic one it encompasses. Since in

its political system it was the cause of the

crisis that the Venezuelan people are

experiencing several of them argue in their

testimonies that their last weeks of stay in

their country of origin, was surrounded by:

insecurity, lack of opportunities, economic

crisis, poor living conditions, high mortality

rates especially of children, etc. Some

expressed it through tears, because when

remembering or comparing their childhood

with the reality of today, it is far from being

The proximity, the language, the

possibility of finding a job, economic

stability and access to basic services are

some of the factors that are taken into

consideration when choosing the

destination nation. Ecuador has become

an attraction for Venezuelans because of

dollarization, the proximity between

countries, flexibility in immigration legal

regulations and the cost of living. Because

the dollar is a strong currency, many are

drawn to it. (2018, p. 13)

76

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

the country where they grew up. The

quality of life and face social factors that are

still maintained in areas such as currency

exchange, discrimination (all social areas),

jobs that were not related to what they had

studied.

interviews were carried out with ten people,

men and women of legal age, the narrative

was organized and the life history of each

case in particular was formed, establishing

the place and date through dialogue and

empathy. Managing to extract the narration

of his life from childhood to the present;

They are fathers and mothers of families

who for different reasons decided to

emigrate from their country in search of

better life opportunities.

The citizens interviewed reside in the city of

Cuenca for between six months and eight

months, most of them have a job where their

remuneration is $ 200 to $ 250, allowing

them to support housing and food expenses;

of this value, they use a percentage to send

to their families who are in Venezuela. They

report that they hope to improve their

economic situation and in the future and

bring their family to the country that

welcomed them.

From the life stories captured, it can be

interpreted that the interviewees had to

leave their country due to the bad

administration

presented

by

the

government (Nicolás Maduro as president of

Venezuela) this did not allow him to grow in

the economic sphere, which is why the

majority of the population interviewed has a

third level degree and could not practice in

their country of origin, the remuneration

was not enough to support their family

nucleus.

4

. DISCUSSION

The economic, political and social crisis that

Venezuelan citizens are experiencing has

caused a large part of the population to

move to all of Latin America and especially

to Ecuador, whose purpose is to improve the

living conditions of the family environment.

The economic situation has led the

Venezuelan population to migrate in great

clubs; the "high levels of inflation and

scarcity of basic products, such as basic food,

medicines and access to services such as

The study population has left their homes

due to the difficult situation their country is

going through, moving away from their

family environment. Having to go through

different cities, his objective is to improve his

77

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

electricity, water, among others, all derived

from the failed political model applied by the

Chavista government" (Castillo Crasto &

Reguant Álvarez, 2017, p. 160).

benchmark for the Venezuelan population to

consider a country of destination.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Socio-economic and political aspects

influenced the Venezuelan population to

migrate en masse to new borders, for better

living conditions, as his nation was

experiencing social ills such as: lack of basic

supplies, humanitarian crisis, crime,

malnutrition, high infant mortality rates,

abuse of the power system, social division,

among others.

Venezuelan migration has become a social

phenomenon, due to the crises the country

is going through; the lack of opportunities to

obtain a job, the scarcity of basic necessities

and the inability to pay the expenses that

cause access to health and housing have

become

triggers

for

Venezuelan

immigration. “The receiving State of

immigrants has the opportunity to offer

labor policies to absorb this potential that is

arriving, to strengthen the productive

development of the country that welcomes

the one that is arriving from another

geographical space” (Married, 2017, p. 7).

Ecuador, through the Organic Law of Human

Mobility, is the one who facilitates the entry

of foreigners and in turn guarantees the right

to their free transit in the country and

especially in the city of Cuenca. According to

Guevara (2018, p. 13) “Closeness, language,

the possibility of finding a job, economic

stability and access to basic services are

some of the factors that are taken into

account when choosing the destination

nation”. That is why Ecuador has become a

According to the argument of the

Venezuelan citizens interviewed, that this

social phenomenon was due to the bad

leadership of Hugo Chávez since his

government was based on socialist ideals,

Marxist visions, because he wanted to focus

on an equal distribution for the Venezuelan

population or that was proposed, because

after several years in power, this nation has

deteriorated with its government and the

continuity of the Chavista mandate by his

successor Nicolás Maduro, which aggravated

the situation in Venezuela, because before

the 2000s it was a state with a sustainable

economy, sources of employment, natural

wealth, among others.

78

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Tapia-Segarra et al. (2022)

Venezuelan immigrants who reside in the

city of Cuenca-Ecuador, are characterized by

having advanced academic preparation, it is

important to emphasize that these people

work for less than a minimum wage to

support their expenses and that of their

families. Historically, Venezuela was a

country that received immigrants from

different parts of the world, including

Ecuadorians who at a certain time suffered

the need to emigrate to seek better

opportunities, but nowadays, Ecuador is a

country that receives immigrants, including

people with Venezuelan nationality.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

Aruj, R. (2008). Causes, consequences,

effects and impact of migration in

Latin America. POPULATION papers.

Bajo Santos, N. (2017). Concepts and

theories

about

immigration.

Escurialense Legal and Economic

Yearbook. (XL, Ed.)

Boron, A., Amadeo, J., & González , S. (2006).

Marxist theory today: problems and

perspectives. Buenos Aires: CLASCO.

Carrillo Morán, J. M. (2003). Epistemology,

Paradigm Science in Social Work.

Seville Aconcagua.

Castillo Crasto, T., & Reguant Álvarez, M.

(2017). Perceptions of Venezuelan

migration: causes, Spain as

destination, expectations of return.

a

RECOMMENDATIONS

The

Ecuadorian

government

has

Duarte, P. (2014). Obtained from

joseluisacosta. Obtenido de

implemented the Organic Law of Human

Mobility, meanwhile, it is responsible for

establishing mechanisms so that what is

stipulated in its different articles is fulfilled in

favor of Venezuelan migrants.

htt://joseluisacosta.com.ve/files/Hu

go%20Rafael%20Chavez%20Frias%2

0BIOGRAFIA.pdf

El Comercio. (2017). The majority of

Venezuelans who came to the

country professionals.

Being Venezuelan migrants, in some of the

professional occasions with third and fourth

level degrees, the state must provide

strategies to achieve job stability according

to their level of professional preparation.

Germani, G. (1968). Politics and Society in an

Age in Transition. Buenos Aires:

Paidós.

Guevara, A. B. (2018). Analysis of the

“Organic Law of Human Mobility.

79

Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

Ecuador as a destiny country of a Venezuelan migration

Harnecker. (1979). Social classes and class

struggle. Chile Archive, Social

Political History. Popular Movement.

Salinero Rates, M. I. (2015). Populismo in

Latin América. Barcelona: University

of Barcelona.

Izurieta Guevara, A., & Viteri, M. (2018).

Analysis of the Organic Law of

Human Mobility.

Sundell, L. (2007). Populist leadership in a

Bolivarian

Latinamerikainstitutet, Stockholm,

6.

cotext?

1

Izurieta Guevara, A., & Viteri, M. (2018).

Analysis of the Organic Law of

Human Mobility. USFQ Digital

Repository.

Troyano, F. (2002). Bibliographic exploration

on foreign immigration studies in

Spain. Collective io É.

Malamud, A. (2017). La Nacion. Obtained

from

Zamora Lomelí, C. (2016). Social movements,

democracy and the rule of law. A look

at the contribution of social

movements to the democratization

and institutionalization of the rule of

law.

lanacion.com.ar/opinion/unmal-

momento-para-salir-del-populismo-

nid1983269/.

Marcano, P., & López Hurtado, P. (2016).

Venezuela was as rich as Norway in

the 1960s. What happened? The

Spanish.

Married, F. (2017). The qualified migration of

Venezuelans to Quito. Realities and

expectations of your work situation.

National Assembly. (2017). Organic Law of

Human Mobility. Quito: National

Editor.

80