Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

In times of COVID-19 ... think in a social key the professional intervention in health

IN TIMES OF COVID-19 ... THINK IN A SOCIAL KEY THE PROFESSIONAL INTERVENTION IN HEALTH

EN TIEMPOS DE COVID-19 … PENSAR EN CLAVE SOCIAL LA INTERVENCIÓN PROFESIONAL EN SALUD

Rivero-Pino Ramón ¹

2

Hernández-De Armas Yosbel

1

Universidad Estatal Península de Santa Elena. Santa Elena, Ecuador. Correo: rriverop@upse.edu.ec. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3035-2993.

Instituto Superior Tecnológico Bolivariano. Guayaquil, Ecuador. Correo: yosbelhernándezdearmas@gmail.com.

ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-4215.

2

ABSTRACT:

Introduction: A reflection resulting from an exploratory study is presented through which the content of political-

official and academic discourses was investigated, related to the imminent danger of the COVID-19 pandemic in the

international context and the role that corresponds to professional intervention from the social and humanistic

sciences. Objective: To reveal the units of meaning that characterized the predominant discourse, as well as to offer

elements of analysis about the meaning and challenges of professional interventions in the field of human health.

Theoretical research methods such as historical-logical, inductive-deductive and analysis-synthesis are applied.

Content analysis was the main method selected to assess the meaning of the ideas that characterized the speeches.

A search was carried out for the speeches related to Covid-19, by representatives of some governments and

authorities of international organizations, giving priority to what was published in the Spanish language. Results:

The results show the presence of ambiguity and disorientation in the political-official discourse studied and their

neglect of the contributions of the social and humanistic sciences and exposes the challenges facing social

interventions. Conclusions: The contradictory, inconsistent and underutilized treatment of the contributions of the

social and humanistic sciences, which has characterized the official discourse of orientation to citizens regarding the

incidence of COVID-19, does not contribute to the establishment of a democratic social behavior and aware of the

need for self-care. It is a challenge of the first order to reconsider the contributions of the social sciences about how

to influence behavior in situations like these.

Keywords: COVID-19, professional intervention, health, official speech.

RESUMEN:

Introducción: Se presenta una reflexión resultante de estudio exploratorio a través del cual, se indagó acerca del

contenido de los discursos político-oficial y académico, relacionados con el inminente peligro de la pandemia COVID-

1

9 en el contexto internacional y el papel que corresponde a la intervención profesional desde las ciencias sociales

y humanísticas. Objetivo: Develar las unidades de sentido que caracterizaron al discurso predominante, así como

ofrecer elementos de análisis acerca del significado y los desafíos de las intervenciones profesionales en el ámbito

de la salud humana. Se aplican métodos teóricos de investigación como el histórico-lógico, inductivo-deductivo y

análisis-síntesis. El análisis de contenido fue el principal método seleccionado para valorar el sentido de las ideas

que caracterizaron los discursos. Se realizó una búsqueda de los discursos vinculados con el Covid-19, de

representantes de algunos gobiernos y autoridades de organismos internacionales, dando prioridad a lo publicado

en idioma español. Resultados: Los resultados evidencian la presencia de ambigüedad y desorientación en el discurso

político-oficial estudiado y la desatención de éstos a los aportes de las ciencias sociales y humanísticas y expone los

desafíos que tienen ante sí las intervenciones sociales. Conclusiones: El tratamiento contradictorio, inconsistente y

de subutilización de los aportes de las ciencias sociales y humanísticas, que ha caracterizado al discurso oficial de

orientación a la ciudadanía respecto a la incidencia del COVID-19, no contribuye al establecimiento de un

comportamiento social democrático y consciente de la necesidad de autocuidado. Constituye un desafío de primer

orden, reconsiderar los aportes de las ciencias sociales acerca de cómo incidir sobre los comportamientos en

situaciones como éstas.

Palabras Clave: Género, LGTBI, Sexualidad, Ámbito Laboral, Discriminación, Rechazo, Trabajo, Inclusión.

Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.

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1

. INTRODUCTION

The established international order

(addressed in this research), both from the

public and private institutions, has a

contradictory, ambivalent and disorienting

character in terms of the mobilizing

influence of social action for the

strengthening of responsible attitudes and

behaviors towards health care.

produces and reproduces the essence of

capitalism: economically, the appropriation

by fewer people of the greatest results;

politically, the over-representativeness of

the dominant interests of these same groups

and ideo-cultural, alienation, reinforced by

the demands of the information and

communications society in its neoliberal

version. An order, which teleologically and

functionally, increasingly shows its inability

to promote inclusive and sustainable

development.

The foregoing has been questioned by a

group of thinkers, whose reflections are

ascribed to the so-called social and

humanistic sciences and who, although

sharing diverse and even exclusive views

about COVID-19, its causes, and

consequences, contribute ideas that, unlike

the habitual content of what circulates from

the official-media discourse, helps to think.

In Latin America, the most unequal region in

the world, these are the circumstances in

which most of the population has had to face

the scourge of the pandemic caused by

COVID-19, which places it in a high degree of

vulnerability, and It has conditioned that the

most negative impact has fallen on the most

disadvantaged social groups. These are the

arguments that require an analysis of health

as a process and of the health situation in

which Latin American peoples in particular

live today, in the key of social commitment.

Both views are subject to evaluation in this

presentation, based on the premise that in

scenarios like these, before the social

sciences and in particular Social Work, the

need for accurate interventions is imposed,

aware of social problems and their causes,

aimed at developing critical awareness in

citizenship and projects that allow the

transformation of reality in correspondence

with the possible ideal.

However, there is little evidence to the

contrary. For example, the treatment given

to this issue by the political-official discourse

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In times of COVID-19 ... think in a social key the professional intervention in health

Background or state of the art:

sources basically: the official discourse of the

United Nations Organization (UN), the

treatment that the press has made on the

interventions of the main leaders of some

countries and the reflections of social

academics published in different media and

compiled by the ASPO editorial.

The approach to this issue finds segmented

expressions in existing publications. In the

first place, because it is a strictly topical

issue, in the process of development, which,

apparently, has forced the intellectual

community to wait, before expressing itself,

for a greater maturation of the conditions in

which the facts are they produce and

reproduce. The second consideration is

related to the very nature of the object,

which, for the purposes of this presentation,

articulates several elements of analysis, to

say, COVID-19, the official discourse about it,

its reflection from the social sciences and

everything. This is articulated with the

professional intervention required by the

circumstances. This integrating nature of the

proposal is not commonly found in the

dissertations about the pandemic and these

are the ones that dominate the social

discourse published in relation to the

subject.

In relation to the first, the center of the

analysis revolved around the speeches made

by the President of the UN, in which, on the

one hand, one can appreciate the sanitary

orientation about the protection measures

that should be adopted by governments and

citizens and on the other, the insufficient

treatment of the social mediations of the

pandemic.

The discourse of governments about COVID-

1

9, specifically, of some presidents, has been

the target of strong questioning, sometimes

due to the lack of knowledge shown on the

subject, others, due to the contradictions

evidenced between the members of the

government teams themselves or with the

indications of international organizations

specialized in health issues, as well as the

obvious objective of manipulating public

opinion that characterized some of them, all

of which generated discomfort and

disorientation among the recipients of these

However, the ideas that in relation to COVID-

1

9, its causes, and consequences, can be

found, both in the media, social networks or

in specialized discourse are prolific. As part

of the bibliographic review carried out,

attention was focused on three types of

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messages. Among the countries involved in

the analysis are the US, Mexico, Brazil, Chile,

Chile, Nicaragua, and Ecuador.

articles from six countries containing

speeches by top-level rulers, and seventeen

scholarly articles published in different

regions of the world were examined. The

units of analysis used in the Boolean internet

operators were: "discourses on covid-19",

The study of reflections contributed by some

social thinkers was especially useful, with in-

depth analyzes about aspects that must be

considered in times of pandemic to

adequately influence the directionality of

behaviors.

"

social practices and interventions in the

face of covid-19", "contradictions in the

discourse on covid-19". The information was

classified, the messages were categorized

based on their content, and the coded data

was analyzed qualitatively, which made it

easier to verify the interests of the authors

in relation to the discourse analyzed,

interpret it and describe its particularities.

Although in the discourse analyzed,

especially in that of academics, the need for

responses by citizens, in terms of organized

social action, to government policies of

social control was addressed, this issue

suffers from a specific approach regarding

the assessment of the type of action,

organization, its principles, methods and

specific proposals.

3

. RESULTS

The official discourse on COVID-19, which

emanates from the World Health

Organization (WHO) as well as from several

governments of the region of the Americas,

focuses its attention on technical-

instrumental aspects associated with self-

care, but not on those conditioning factors

of the health problems that affect people

today and the necessary substantive

responses that States and international

organizations should offer in relation to

them.

2

. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Theoretical methods of scientific research

were used, with emphasis on the historical-

logical, inductive-deductive and analysis and

synthesis. Content analysis was the

preferred

method

for

investigative

treatment of written communications,

mainly in the form of articles. Four speeches

by the President of the UN, seven newspaper

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Social thinking, in a pandemic stage in a

special way, has made valuable

development of effective proposals that

allow subverting this situation.

contributions to the understanding of the

nature of COVID-19, its causes and

consequences, among which are:

➢ Criticism of unjust and inequitable

health systems.

➢ A call for attention in relation to the

possible post-pandemic effects on social

relations, especially in the most

vulnerable social groups: layoffs, the

reduction of expenses in the States, the

financial injection of large capital and

the increases in external debts,

However, the critical conscience around

the contradictions that characterize the

context, the solutions in political terms

do not express the same degree of

➢

The essential characteristics of

capitalism, those necessary for the

reproduction of the system, especially

neoliberal policies, constitute the main

threats to human life, to say: economic

growth, consumerism, mistreatment of

the environment, extractivism, mass

animal husbandry, agriculture toxics,

deforestation, violence, inequitable

distribution of wealth, among others.

The health problems resulting from the

consensus, visualizing

a range of

positions that go from laziness to radical

proposals passing through uncertainty.

harmful

relationship

between

capitalism and inadequate lifestyles are

reused by the system as mechanisms of

social control, for example, states of

exception, compulsory isolation, for the

purpose of depoliticization, social

fragmentation and increased inequity in

favor of the most economically wealthy

groups.

4

. DISCUSSION

The speeches of the President of the World

Health Organization (WHO), since the

beginning of the pandemic, have focused

attention on the responsibility of

governments and citizens in relation to

health care, in what measures to adopt,

However, they have not been sufficiently

explicit in the analysis of the main

conditioning factors that are at the base of

It is advocated to build consensus on the

implementation of social actions to

condemn government practices that

limit democratic freedoms and for the

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the health situation that prevails in the world

population and consequently the indications

refer to the phenomenological, not the

essential.

sustained prolongation of the pandemic and

its multiple social effects.

Possibly, the clearest example of this is in the

chronology of phrases related to COVID-19,

pronounced by Donal Trump in the January-

March period, captured, and recorded by

Iñigo Sáenz de Ugarte (2020), in which it is

clearly their triumphalism, ignorance of the

subject, lies, irresponsibility, false self-

sufficiency, arrogance and lack of control in

relation to the health situation are visible.

In the case of governments, repeatedly

emphasizing the importance of maintaining

security measures and facilitating the

solvency of their basic needs for the neediest

groups (Guterres, 2020a and 2020b).

Regarding the role of citizens, especially in

the months between June and August 2020,

the WHO has encouraged the alert so that

security measures are not abandoned

Roberto Espíndola (2020), in the newspaper

El Heraldo de Juárez, referring to the official

Mexican discourse, stated that the response

that the Federation and the States have

offered to the crisis, about structural

inequalities, as well as the demagogy of the

different parties and the confusing messages

emitted by the state governments. For his

part, Juan Bautista (2020), in Voces del

Periodista. Club de Periodistas de México,

refers to a set of contradictions associated

with the handling of information.

(Guterres, 2020c and 2020d).

These speeches do not make the necessary

allusion to a set of contradictions underlying

the emergence of the pandemic, its

implementation in terms of equity and

human rights, and they focus primarily on

technical-health issues.

The position of the WHO has not been

sufficiently supported by the official

discursive practice of a part of the region of

the Americas. In different countries there

On the Argentine site INFOREGIÓN (2020),

about self-care in health, it was commented

on the contradictions between the discourse

and the ways of acting of governors,

ministers, and the president himself, when,

are

contradictory

approaches

in

communicative treatment about what to do

and how to act, especially in the face of the

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on the one hand, they invited strict

questions about the ways of coping with the

pandemic at the international level.

compliance with the measures and on the

other, they appeared to be in breach of

them.

Boaventura de Sousa Santos, when

interviewed by Mar Pichel (2020), from the

BBC, states that the covid-19 pandemic

functions as a pedagogue, which drastically

indicates that it is time to stop, to reproduce

the alienating conditions, to mistreatment of

the environment and selfish social

relationships that citizens have been forced

to practice, where economic growth and

consumerism fight against healthy lifestyles.

The International Writing of EFE (2020), in a

publication in May of this year, referred to

visible disagreements in the Americas

related to COVID-19. He alluded to the clash

of statistics and change of speeches, among

other aspects. Regarding Brazil, he pointed

out the not profoundly serious position of its

president, denying the seriousness of the

situation, spreading jokes, while his

spokesman tested positive for COVID-19”.

Jesús Alfonso Hernández Mena (2020) refers

to the role of social sciences in their

perception and projection of the current

pandemic situation. In this line of thought,

some authors pay attention to the fact that

the pandemic has arrived at a time of

accumulation of contradictions and large-

scale social problems.

Ecuador has been at the center of the

communication controversy associated with

the pandemic. From various media,

incidents

associated

with

certain

institutional actions questioned due to their

credibility or form of implementation and

corresponding implications have come to

light. From the beginning of the pandemic,

the public information offered by the State,

especially by the Ministry of Health, was

questioned, because of contradictions in the

data provided.

On the subject, David Harvey (2020), uses

the following metaphor: "COVID-19

constitutes a revenge of nature for more

than forty years of rude and abusive

mistreatment at the hands of a violent and

deregulated neoliberal extractivism". His

analysis of the pandemic culminates in the

recognition that it has been mismanaged by

In another direction, goes the social

academic discourse, which reflects serious

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governments, not only current ones, but also

by the neoliberal logic of domination (p. 88).

promoted by the system locked up in capital

is unsustainable, there are no solutions

designed from resistance and mobilization

for change. This is the case of "Chronicle of

psych deflation" by Franco "Bifo" Berardi

Judith Butler (2020), in “Capitalism has its

limits”, raises a forceful criticism of the

capitalist system and in a particular way, of

the North American government health

policy, due to its inequitable and unjust

nature.

(2020).

The questioning of sanitary measures has

been at the center of not only academic

debates. Giorgio Agamben (2020), in his

reflection entitled "Contagion" warns about

this: "It is possible, given the ethical

inconsistency of our leaders, that these

provisions are dictated to those who have

taken them out of the same fear they intend

to provoke, but it is difficult not thinking that

the situation they create is exactly the one

that those who govern us have repeatedly

tried to realize: that universities and schools

are closed once and for all and that the

lessons are only given online, that we stop

meeting and talking for political or cultural

reasons and let us only exchange digital

messages, that as far as possible the

machines replace all contact - all contagion -

between human beings ”(p.33).

In relation to the unequal situation in Latin

America and citizen insecurity, especially for

women,

pronounces. The alerts of María Pía López

2020) are important in relation to how to

Maristella

Svampa

(2020)

(

respond, what to do from the citizenry in the

face of the operational modes instituted by

the States and in this sense, she states: “In a

pandemic situation, the idea of a necessary

order prevails: Mandatory isolation requires

the public will to abide by it, but also police

control of traffic. Individual freedoms are

suspended in the name of the common

good” (p.73).

Slavoj Žižek (2020), incorporates into the

analysis, the aspect related to the possible

impact of the pandemic on the change of the

political system. There are also those who

express apathy in the struggle based on the

premise that, although the social crisis

A prominent place in the assessment of the

causes of the health situation in which the

world lives, is occupied by the work, The

Pandemic Factory, by Silvia Ribeiro (2020),

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who systematizes findings on the main

An essential contribution from the scientific-

academic to the understanding of how

interventions should be carried out in times

of health emergency, made Jay J. Van Bavel,

Katherine Baicker, Robb Willer, et al (2020),

in their work “Social science and behavior in

the response to the COVID-19 pandemic”.

These authors start from the premise that, in

situations of this type, it is important to be

able to align social behaviors with the health

measures that guide specialized health

institutions. His reflections are based on the

logic of the necessary complementarity

between the knowledge of the health

sciences and those of the social and

humanistic sciences to avoid errors that

have harmful consequences for human

development.

conditioning factors of pandemics today and

with this, it facilitates the understanding of

the existing situation and the corresponding

actions to be undertaken.

Maristella Svampa (2020), is one of the

authors who advocates organized social

action in search of answers to the existing

contradictions and argues that "there are

opportunities for transformative action in

the midst of disaster" (p.28). In this

direction, emphasized María Galindo (2020),

in her controversial and forceful essay

"

Disobedience, because of you I will

survive."

In "The local is political" Lala Pasquinelli

(2020), to the analysis of the causes of the

health problems associated with COVID-19

that the world is experiencing, links the

manipulation to which citizens are subjected

by this all-powerful sector of the population,

owner of wealth and offers some elements

of how to deal with it. On the other hand,

interesting is the analysis of Paul B. Preciado

Among the issues that these authors address

and that have not received the correct

treatment at the level of social practice in

the context of the current pandemic, are the

appeal to fear with messages of little

efficacy, that is, of possible effectiveness in

the response, as a generator of depressive

attitudes and behaviors; On the contrary,

the so-called optimism bias, whose most

common reaction to events such as covid-

(

2020), when referring to the biovigilance on

our bodies and the deliberate

decollectivization by some governments.

1

9, tends to be overconfidence and

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disrespect for measures. The ideal, the

authors refer, is to achieve a balance

between both guidelines; The association

between feeling greater fear and

ethnocentric, intolerant, and punitive

behaviors can be promoters of violence

towards external groups, especially against

groups subject to historical processes of

stigmatization and discrimination.

professional practices, especially in

conditions such as those that our peoples

live today.

Among the functions that should

characterize social interventions in the

current context, according to Rivero, (2011)

can be considered: the critical social

diagnosis, with a prospective and proactive

approach; the design, implementation and

evaluation of action systems aimed at the

promotion, prevention and transformation

of social problems and the circumstances in

which they are generated; the promotion of

the participation of individuals, groups,

communities and institutions in the search

for answers through life projects and social

Another idea is related to what the authors

call the emerging sense of shared identity,

which explains how in disaster situations

people tend to cooperate, however, for this

to happen, public communication must

stimulate these sources, for example, using

collective terms that encourage action for

the good of others; Do not confuse physical

distancing with social distancing.

transformation,

oriented

towards

development; contribute to the design of

policies and social services aimed at

satisfying needs and raising the quality of life

of human beings.

The aspects referred to constitute important

social issues to be considered by the various

actors involved in the decision-making

processes with an impact on people's

behavior in situations such as covid-19 and

are not always taken into consideration.

5

. CONCLUSIONS

The units of meaning that characterize the

discourses under investigation express the

interests of the wealthiest social groups,

since they do not reflect the essential

economic, political, and cultural conditions

that are at the base of the main health

However, these substantive contributions, it

is necessary from the social and humanistic

sciences to give greater visibility to essential

elements

that

must

characterize

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problems experienced by the broad

individuals, in their groups or communities,

and institutions. It is a bidirectional action:

towards political and civil society.

majorities, so they can be classified as empty

speeches of real content about the situation

of COVID-19.

Social participation aimed at transforming

reality and emancipation and human dignity

is an essential means that social

interventions should use and promote.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

The contributions of thinkers from the field

of social and humanistic sciences, about

COVID-19, do recognize the essential causes

of the health situation associated with the

pandemic, making strong criticism, and

holding the capitalist social order

responsible, however, the interpellation of

the Regarding this, it does not yet contain

sufficient proposals in terms of viable

To the institutions of social and humanistic

sciences:

- Systematize, through inter-institutional

and

interdisciplinary

and

projects,

the

theoretical

methodological

alternatives,

an

inter-sectional

and

contributions produced by science and

academia related to the health situation

transdisciplinary approach.

Social interventions, as their object of

analysis and practical incidence is the links

between social needs and the actions of

public policies and services, constitute

spaces par excellence for the attention to

the human health situation.

associated

with

COVID-19,

its

contextualization in our region, as well as

policies, modes of citizen action and

professional

intervention

practices

associated with the preparation of possible

proposals.

The approach that must characterize such

practices must focus on the development of

the critical, prospective, and propositional

capacities of the subjects towards whom

they are directed.

To institutions of social sciences, governors,

and directors of public institutions:

- Manage through various channels, the

arrangement

of

meetings between

academics and decision-makers of public

policies, which facilitate the analysis and

implementation of the proposals made by

the social and humanistic sciences.

The object-subject of social interventions, in

all situations, but especially in conditions of

health crisis, must encompass both

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