Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
NON-HIRING AS A DISCRIMINATION OF GENDER DIVERSITIES (LGBTI), IN THE WORKPLACE  
LA NO CONTRATACIÓN COMO DISCRIMINACIÓN DE LAS DIVERSIDADES DE GÉNERO (LGBTI),  
EN EL ÁMBITO LABORAL  
1
Mayorga-Mera Macarena Monserratte  
2
Valdez-Duffau Mathías  
3
Quiroga-López Malena Karina  
1
Trabajadora Social de Tesalia Springs Company S.A. Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Jurisprudencia y  
Ciencias Sociales, Carrera de Trabajo Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo: mmmayorga@cbc.co. ORCID ID:  
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-8750.  
2
Docente Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales, Carrera de Trabajo  
Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo: me.valdez@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4785-018X.  
3
Docente Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales, Carrera de Trabajo  
Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo: malenakquirogal@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-9917.  
ABSTRACT:  
Over the years, studies at the gender level and the different contributions of social scientists have had an impact on  
society worldwide, this has managed to identify heterosexuality as a tradition; part of the discoveries that have been  
made is to make visible those men and women who, due to their sexual orientation, are considered inferior; this is  
how this study mentions lesbians, gays, bisexuals, trans and intersex as focal points. At present it is known that a  
large number of LGTBI people hide their gender identity, and even more in the workplace due to the possible  
rejection that they could have, despite the constitutional and legal protection that exists in Ecuador, where it clearly  
describes that there will be no discrimination based on ethnicity, gender, sex, religion, etc. In this case the barriers  
are even more noticeable if their condition is made public. This study aims to make the potential of each one of  
them visible in such a way that they are supported in the execution of their rights by contributing to a public policy  
that changes the cultural and educational at all levels, it should be mentioned that despite the rejection that have  
received from society, have been able to get ahead, build families, businesses, and an identity within the community  
where they live, setting precedents for professionalism, capacity, and knowledge to which are added skills and values  
that are important in a formal job.  
Keywords: Gender, LGTBI, Sexuality, Labor Environment, Discrimination, Rejection, Work, Inclusion.  
RESUMEN:  
Con el paso de los años los estudios a nivel de género y los diferentes aportes de las y los científicos sociales han  
incidido en la sociedad a nivel mundial, esto ha logrado que se identifique a la heterosexualidad como una tradición;  
parte de los descubrimientos que se ha tenido es el visibilizar aquellos hombres y mujeres que por su orientación  
sexual son considerados inferiores, es así como el presente estudio menciona a las lesbianas, gays, bisexuales, trans  
e intersexuales como punto focal. En la actualidad se conoce que una gran cantidad de personas LGTBI, esconden su  
identidad de género, y aún más en el ámbito laboral debido al posible rechazo que podrían tener, pese a la  
protección constitucional y jurídica que existe en el Ecuador, donde claramente describe que no existirá  
discriminación de etnia, genero sexo, religión, etc. En este caso las barreras son más notorias aún si llegan hacer  
pública su condición. Este estudio se encamina a visibilizar las potencialidades de cada uno de ellos de tal manera  
que se les apoye en la ejecución de sus derechos contribuyendo a una política pública que cambie lo cultural y lo  
educativo a todo nivel, se debe mencionar que pese al rechazo que han recibido por parte de la sociedad, han podido  
salir a delante, construir familias, negocios, y una identidad dentro de la comunidad donde viven, sentando  
precedentes de profesionalismo, capacidad, y conocimientos a los cuales se suman habilidades y valores que son  
importantes en un empleo formal.  
Palabras Clave: Género, LGTBI, Sexualidad, Ámbito Laboral, Discriminación, Rechazo, Trabajo, Inclusión.  
Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.  
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Mayorga-Mera et al. (2022)  
1
. INTRODUCTION  
The social perception of homosexuality.- In  
discriminated against, taking into account  
that according to the INEC (2013) cited by  
Zapata (2016, p.12), There is discrimination  
when, due to sexual conditions, the  
recognition of the rights that guarantee  
equal participation is annulled or  
underestimated, knowing that there are  
social constructions regarding this category.  
That is why this case study aims to show  
whether there is rejection or some type of  
discrimination towards LGBTI, mainly in the  
labor field, given that the right to work is  
embedded in the social and cultural rights  
that allow access to health, food, housing,  
education and quality of life (Rivas, 2017, p.  
71),  
society there are changes in aspects that  
interfere in people's lives and that can be  
accepted or rejected depending on religion,  
culture, political ideology, beliefs, among  
other factors that determine the behavior of  
each human being. In this sense, an issue  
that has created controversy in society is  
homosexuality, since despite the fact that in  
1
990 the WHO (2018) eliminated this from  
its list of mental disorders, there are still  
aspects of discrimination considering that it  
is a disease and that for that reason it could  
be contagious. In other words, as Carvajal  
(2013) indicates, “sexual minorities are  
groups that share a common element and  
that fight for equal treatment” (p. 125),  
taking into account that this equality wishes  
to be obtained in the contexts health,  
education, family, work, with the intention  
of obtaining a notorious participation in  
society, emphasizing that they have feelings,  
emotions, capacities and competences like  
other citizens. (Mayorga, 2020)  
Respect and tolerance for sexual diversity.-  
According to a case study carried out by the  
INEC (2013, p. 13), seconsiders that the  
gender perspective is the aspect that helps  
to determine why discrimination occurs  
against those who are in another type of  
sexual condition, trying to understand how  
another sexual preference different from  
heterosexual is a reason for discrimination  
by not adjusting to identity gender male /  
male - female / female. In this sense, it is  
important to recognize that homosexuality is  
In accordance with the aforementioned, it is  
necessary to highlight that discrimination  
generates conflict in the participants, both  
by who discriminates and by who is  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
a social representation that has been  
protect homosexuality even more when in  
1998, Ecuador became the first country in  
the Americas to include sexual orientation as  
one of the themes protected against  
discrimination within the constitution. In the  
Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador,  
both sexual orientation and gender identity  
were included within the protected topics,  
referring to the fact that all people are equal  
and will enjoy the same opportunities,  
therefore:  
created according to evolution and  
development, which is why they have  
become present in society, which implies  
that when acquiring behaviors or attitudes  
different from the common ones, there is  
social uproar, however respect is reflected in  
those people who have an open mind and  
who accept or simply tolerate this group of  
people without necessarily belonging to it,  
LGBTI while they are subject to clearly  
recognized rights, ordinances or public  
policies. However, there are institutions with  
power as mentioned by Pérez (2013) cited by  
Vinueza (2015, p. 5), which seek to silence  
LGBTI groups, with the excuse of  
safeguarding the nation, considering that  
they are in danger by showing the  
emergence of people with different sexual  
preferences, being that their only claim is to  
seek to respect the rights of those involved  
as citizens and human beings.  
No one may be discriminated against for  
reasons of ethnicity, place of birth, age,  
sex, gender identity, cultural identity,  
marital status ... The law will sanction all  
forms of discrimination (Const., 2008, art.  
1
1).  
Mayorga (2020), cites that in 2012, President  
Rafael Correa elected Carina Vance Mafla, a  
lesbian activist, as the country's Minister of  
Health, so obviously tolerance is increasingly  
present, especially in the new generations.  
Bernarda Freire, from the group Igualdad de  
Derechos Ya, carried out an investigation  
where it was shown that:  
The LGBTI population and their rights as  
citizens in Ecuador.- Ecuador makes  
homosexuality visible while trying to combat  
homophobia in a society that is still  
considered ancestral, and that seeks to  
achieve equal rights in diversity. (Mayorga,  
In 2013 the rates of discrimination,  
violence and exclusion for gays, lesbians  
and transsexuals in the workplace, ranged  
2
020). Several livelihoods within the nation  
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Mayorga-Mera et al. (2022)  
from 22% to 43%. (Freire, Soria, and  
Herrera, 2013).  
the change of time and the appearance of  
paradigms, the rejection of sexual diversity is  
present in the work area and not only in this  
but also in social, family and even cultural  
aspects, however the work focused on  
extracting information regarding the  
employment discrimination clearly, in view  
of the fact that society still keeps its mind  
closed regarding the acceptance of the  
different sexual orientations that exist in  
today's society.  
These statistics are the ones that cause the  
alarming news that, in the workplace, there  
is a large percentage of discrimination and  
rejection, which for no reason should occur  
considering that the Ministry of Labor issued  
regulations to eradicate discrimination in  
public and public areas. taking into account  
that it defines discrimination as:  
Discrimination will be understood as any  
unequal treatment, exclusion or preference  
towards a person, based on gender identity,  
sexual orientation, age, disability ... or any  
other, which has the effect of nullifying,  
altering or preventing the full exercise of  
individual rights or collectives, in the  
selection processes and during the existence  
of the employment relationship (Ministerial  
Agreement, 2017, Art. 2).  
For this reason, in order to obtain the  
necessary information regarding the  
aforementioned topic, in terms of the type  
of research, the qualitative and quantitative  
approach was applied since the study was  
considered in a holistic way. In addition, in a  
focal way, the data collection method was  
carried out through an online survey sent to  
the LGBTI population belonging to the  
Latacunga and Ambato groups, in order to  
obtain such real data and accurate  
2
. MATERIALS AND METHODS  
information  
including  
numerical  
According to the aforementioned, the  
question that was posed for the preparation  
of this scientific research was: In what way is  
discrimination against LGBTI evident in the  
personnel selection processes in the  
workplace ?, taking into account that with  
measurement , which makes it possible to  
show what has been subjectively observed  
regarding the discrimination that LGBTI  
people receive in the personnel selection  
processes in the workplace, at the same time  
interviews were conducted with activists of  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
hierarchical power belonging to LGBTI  
survey, and 5 people interviewed, so this  
information will be presented as real cases  
of LGBTI lives.  
groups.  
As for the beneficiaries of the investigation,  
it is emphasized that the investigated  
population was made up of 20 people  
belonging to the LGTBI Organization of the  
city of Latacunga and 33 people belonging to  
the Vision and Diversity Organization of the  
city of Ambato, being a total of 53  
respondents who completed the online  
3
. RESULTS  
According to the online survey applied to 53  
people, corresponding to 20 from the  
Latacunga LGTBI Organization and 33 from  
the Vision and Diversity Organization of  
Ambato, the results were as follows:  
1
.- If you are working, indicate your workspace:  
Table 1. Labor Relationship.  
AMBATO PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA PERCENTAGE  
ALTERNATIVE  
Public  
8
12  
5
32%  
48%  
7
3
54%  
2. 3%  
2. 3%  
100%  
Private  
Own business  
Total  
20%  
3
25  
100%  
13  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher.  
60%  
50%  
40%  
30%  
20%  
10%  
54%  
48%  
32%  
23%  
23%  
20%  
0%  
AMBATO  
32%  
LATACUNGA  
54%  
Público  
Privado  
48%  
20%  
23%  
23%  
Negocio Propio  
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2
.- Have you been discriminated against in the workplace for belonging to the LGBTI  
community?  
Table 2. Labor Discrimination.  
ALTERNATIVE  
AMBATO  
PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA  
PERCENTAGE  
55%  
Yes  
20  
7
61%  
21%  
12%  
6%  
11  
6
No  
30%  
Only in the public area  
Only in the private area  
Total  
4
3
15%  
2
0
0%  
33  
100%  
20  
100%  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher.  
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
61%  
55%  
30%  
21%  
15%  
12%  
6%  
0%  
0
%
AMBATO  
61%  
LATACUNGA  
55%  
Si  
No  
21%  
12%  
6%  
30%  
15%  
0%  
Solo en el área pública  
Solo en el área privada  
3
.- Do you consider that the selection processes are discriminatory when requesting the photo  
on the resume?  
Table 3. Selection Processes.  
ALTERNATIVE AMBATO PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA PERCENTAGE  
Yes  
19  
8
58%  
24%  
10  
6
50%  
30%  
No  
Maybe  
Total  
6
18%  
4
20%  
33  
100%  
20  
100%  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher.  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
58%  
6
5
4
3
2
1
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
50%  
30%  
24%  
20%  
18%  
0
%
AMBATO  
58%  
LATACUNGA  
50%  
Si  
No  
Tal Vez  
24%  
18%  
30%  
20%  
4
.- Do you freely recognize your sexual orientation during the interview in the selection  
processes?  
Table 4. Recognition of sexual orientation.  
ALTERNATIVE  
AMBATO  
PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA PERCENTAGE  
Yes  
7
14  
3
21%  
42%  
9%  
9
5
45%  
25%  
15%  
15%  
100%  
No  
Sometimes  
3
It depends on the context  
Total  
9
27%  
100%  
3
33  
20  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher.  
45%  
42%  
45%  
40%  
35%  
30%  
25%  
20%  
15%  
10%  
27%  
25%  
21%  
15%  
15%  
9%  
5
%
%
0
AMBATO  
21%  
LATACUNGA  
45%  
Si  
No  
42%  
9%  
25%  
15%  
15%  
A veces  
Depende el contexto  
27%  
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Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Mayorga-Mera et al. (2022)  
5
.- Would you hide your sexual orientation to be hired in a labor entity?  
Table 5. Hide sexual identity to work.  
ALTERNATIVE AMBATO PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA PERCENTAGE  
Yes  
13  
15  
5
39%  
45%  
7
8
35%  
40%  
No  
Maybe  
Total  
16%  
5
25%  
33  
100%  
20  
100%  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher.  
50%  
45%  
40%  
35%  
30%  
25%  
20%  
15%  
10%  
45%  
40%  
39%  
35%  
25%  
15%  
5
%
%
0
AMBATO  
39%  
LATACUNGA  
35%  
Si  
No  
Tal Vez  
45%  
15%  
40%  
25%  
6
.- Do you think that labor discrimination towards LGBTI is an impediment to professional  
improvement and fulfillment?  
Table 6. Discrimination against LGBTI is an impediment to professional improvement  
ALTERNATIVE AMBATO PERCENTAGE LATACUNGA PERCENTAGE  
Yes  
26  
7
79%  
21%  
12  
8
60%  
40%  
No  
Total  
33  
100%  
20  
100%  
Source: Survey Prepared by: Researcher  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
79%  
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
0%  
60%  
40%  
21%  
0
%
AMBATO  
79%  
LATACUNGA  
60%  
Si  
No  
21%  
40%  
Human rights.- According to the interviews  
conducted, it was determined that LGBTI  
people know about human rights, including  
their history and creation, this because they  
state that in order to claim inclusion and  
non-discrimination in the various spaces to  
which they are supposed They should have  
freedom of access, it is necessary that they  
become involved in this issue. Sandoval  
violated. In addition, the information  
obtained shows that they are aware that the  
Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador  
protects all people without any type of  
distinction, sex, ethnicity, gender identity,  
sexual orientation, political ideology,  
religion, among other aspects by which in no  
way under this foundation should in no way  
deprive LGBTIs in the free exercise of their  
rights as citizens, relying on those  
organizations, entities and federations that  
in one way or another provide their  
collaboration in the process of acceptance  
and respect. towards LGBTI. Salambay cited  
by (Mayorga, 2020).  
(2018), emphasizes that he is currently a  
member of the IACHR and the Ibero-  
American Court of Human Rights, in the  
sense of its main objective, which is to learn  
about this issue that it expresses is  
universal,since in the education and training  
process they do not teach them or provide  
them with the necessary knowledge  
regarding what human rights are, who they  
govern and what happens if they are  
Problems and areas of discrimination.- It  
was possible to show that there is a  
concordance in what is related to the family  
and religious context, taking into account  
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that both are aspects that are part of the  
inherited culture and what is considered  
activist of the Vision and Diversity  
Organization of Ambato, expresses that so  
that people from the LGBTI community have  
acceptance in public and work spaces, in  
First, they must learn to accept themselves,  
that is, recognize their sexual orientation, so  
that in this way society begins to accept and  
respect them, only then can they achieve the  
inclusion they request, and secondly, they  
must access education or self -education in  
such a way that it can train and reinforce  
their skills and competencies, which give  
them openness in the labor field,  
demonstrating that training is what matters  
when working. Despite this, Salambay  
(2018), He states that there are places in  
which they do open up to work, naturally  
accepting their sexual diversity, he also  
emphasizes that these places are usually  
private entities. However, Sandoval (2018)  
intervenes objectively and manifests that  
labor discrimination is most evident in trans  
people, that is, in those people who are  
visibly distinguished by their sexual diversity,  
that is why most of these people are without  
work or are forced to resort to hairdressing  
jobs or as sex workers in order to obtain their  
economic income, which causes frustration  
in trans people, especially in those who have  
“conservative”. In this sense, Almeida (2018)  
states that the main conflict is self-  
acceptance and, after that, the acceptance  
of the family when facing criticism, anger,  
and even fights with those who maintain  
blood ties in view of the fact that many times  
they It is difficult to accept their sexual  
orientation, so this can affect the emotional  
state of the person, reaching a depression so  
critical that it can even be placed in the  
thought that death is the best way to avoid  
family rejection. In turn Hernández (2018),  
highlights that religion is still present in the  
impediment of the acceptance of diversities,  
for the reason of being situated in the  
context that the family is made up of men  
and women, that is, by people of different  
sex, but not by those of the same sex. This  
thought is supported and agreed by the  
people interviewed, considering that it is  
these same causes that cause discrimination  
in the workplace, education, politics and all  
those aspects and factors in which society  
participates. (Mayorga, 2020)  
Bonding in society.- Cerón (2018), current  
Director of the House of Ecuadorian Culture  
Núcleo de Tungurahua, Sociologist and  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
an academic and they cannot exercise  
can give to the country should be valued and  
welcomed under equal conditions. On the  
other hand, the people interviewed keep  
alive the hope that in the not too distant  
future they will be able to achieve the  
equality that they so desire, as well as the  
acceptance of their sexual preference so  
that their rights are not violated and, on the  
contrary, they can live peacefully without  
any type of stigmatization, as Salazar (2018)  
highlights, (Mayorga, 2020).  
it,(Mayorga, 2020)  
Equality or inequality?.- LGBTI people  
maintain their firm fight to achieve equality,  
trying to reduce the discrimination that is  
generated around them, in such a way that  
they consider that the main source to try to  
reduce the rejection they face is education  
from children and to current generations on  
issues regarding sexuality, which allow  
opening people's minds to new trends in sex  
and gender, taking into account that it is not  
a disease, much less something abnormal as  
Salambay (2018) expresses, but rather On  
the contrary, they are modern social  
representations, which society must learn to  
adapt and grant the necessary openness for  
LGBTI people to show that they are equal to  
other people by the simple naturalness of  
being human beings. In this sense, Kahn  
4
. DISCUSSION  
Human Rights are universal and inalienable,  
which is why all people must have access to  
them without any kind of distinction either  
by ethnicity, gender, sex, religion, culture,  
sexual orientation, among other social  
representations that occur in modern life. In  
this sense, said definition is clear in the  
conception of LGBTI people, regardless of  
their age, profession or sexual orientation.  
That said, it is inconceivable to show that  
there is discrimination against lesbians, gays,  
bisexuals, trans and intersex people, taking  
into account that despite their sexual  
difference, they are still human beings, and  
for the same reason they are subject to  
demand the fulfillment of their rights. in the  
(2018), technology, communication and  
others that could contribute to the change  
that the country needs. Pazmiño (2018),  
emphasizes that labor discrimination is  
illegal, like other laws that exist in the  
country but that are weak when enforcing  
them, therefore impunity is latent for the  
rights of LGBTI people, However, it states  
that the professional contribution that they  
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Mayorga-Mera et al. (2022)  
different areas of social life. However LGBTI  
people, They face several problems that are  
obviously related to the cultural and  
religious context and the patterns inherited  
by the family, for this reason they fear  
recognizing their sexual orientation in a  
public way, because they receive attacks and  
criticism regarding their physical appearance  
or social condition , being that this aspect is  
more influenced in the workplace, in such a  
way that being in front of the closed door of  
the workplace, causes frustration and even  
depression by not being able to exercise the  
profession that many manage to achieve,  
being forced to choose other forms of work  
or in turn resigning themselves to being  
unemployed. Unfortunately, the stigma of  
this community is still latent in the social  
context in the measure of the privatization  
that they impose on LGBTI in different  
aspects, however, People who belong to  
these groups are firmly on the path and  
construction towards labor inclusion and  
other areas in which it is difficult for them to  
be accepted, such as education and even the  
family. Therefore, the LGBTI emphasize that  
the focal point to be able to demand  
acceptance is that they first learn to accept  
and recognize themselves in the face of the  
reality to which they are exposed, in order to  
set up their objectives that are directed  
towards inclusion, respect, tolerance and  
the fulfillment of rights freely as indicated by  
law. Hence, to achieve these objectives, it is  
necessary a citizenry that participates and  
proposes, that is organized and demands the  
exercise of their rights, in addition to the  
need for authorities that speak about these  
sexuality issues.  
5. CONCLUSIONS  
Discrimination is present in the workplace,  
due to ancestral culture, inherited traditions  
and even the religious aspect, which  
continues to have weight in modern society,  
which is why the closed minds of people who  
seek to hire new personnel for their  
companies, prevent expanding the context  
of society and the sexual diversity that it  
presents, in such a way that they put a stop  
to lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans and intersex  
people from the moment in which their  
sexual preference is visibly evident or at the  
same time in which they recognize or accept  
it in front of people of human talent.  
The selection processes for the entire  
population that participates in a job offer,  
are hard for reasons of professional  
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Non-hiring as a discrimination of gender diversities (LGBTI), in the workplace  
competence, despite this they become a  
cruel and disqualifying environment for  
LGBTI people, who despite the vast  
knowledge and preparation that they can  
have in the professions they have acquired,  
are undervalued during the hiring process  
for reasons of business culture in which they  
indicate that people who have a sexual  
condition other than heterosexual should  
not be accepted as this could damage the  
prestige of the organization, or, in turn,  
cause a dislocation in the organizational  
climate of the same, for this reason, during  
the selection process, they prefer to make  
excuses or obstacles in front of the LGBTI so  
as not to eliminate them from the roots in  
the hiring process.  
in a framework in which society shows  
ignorance by not accepting that the current  
context presents another reality in which  
there are different sexual orientations,  
which must be learned to accept, respect  
and tolerate,in order to guarantee the free  
exercise of the rights to which LGBTIs are  
also subject as human beings.  
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