Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

THE PERFORMATIVITIES THAT A LEADER GOES THROUGH IN TEACHING

LAS PERFORMATIVIDADES QUE ATRAVIESA UNA LIDERESA EN LA DOCENCIA

1

Altamirano-Altamirano Silvia Jovanna

2

Quiroga-López Malena Karina

1

Docente Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales, Carrera de

Trabajo Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo: sj.altamirano@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-

001-6152-6688.

0

2

Docente Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Facultad de Jurisprudencia y Ciencias Sociales, Carrera de

Trabajo Social. Ambato, Ecuador. Correo: malenakquirogal@uta.edu.ec. ORCID ID:

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9875-9917.

ABSTRACT:

This research aims to explain the performativities that a leader goes through in teaching, having as the objective and

interest of the study to analyze them, in the access, exercise and permanence in positions of power and academic

decision of Ecuadorian teachers. The area of knowledge is Social Sciences, whose research area is gender equity. The

methodology is based on a mixed research design, applying a questionnaire, conducting semi-structured interviews

with key informants and reviewing documents on institutional policies, plans or programs, management reports or

results related to performativities. Quantitative analysis was performed using the SPSS program to identify

statistically significant relationships with Chi-square tests. Among the main findings that have been identified is that

the links between the institution and the families are generated by the participation that each of them generates in

the face of a new role and leadership assumed; what demands the development of performativities such as the

social skills required before a new leadership role.

Keywords: Performativity, gender, Education, leader.

RESUMEN:

La presente investigación pretende explicar las performatividades que atraviesa una lideresa en la docencia,

teniendo como objetivo e interés del estudio analizarlas, en el acceso, ejercicio y permanencia en los puestos de

poder y decisión académica de las docentes ecuatorianas. El área de conocimiento son las Ciencias Sociales, cuya

área de investigación es equidad de género. La metodología se sustenta en un diseño de investigación mixta,

aplicando un cuestionario, realizando entrevistas semiestructuradas a informantes clave y revisión documental

sobre las políticas, planes o programas institucionales, los informes de gestión o resultados relativos a las

performatividades. El análisis cuantitativo se realizó mediante el programa SPSS para identificar relaciones

estadísticamente significativas con pruebas Chi-cuadrado. Dentro de los principales hallazgos que se ha podido

identificar es que los vínculos entre la institución y las familias son generados por la participación que cada uno de

ellos genera ante un nuevo rol y liderazgo asumido; lo que demanda el desarrollar de performatividades como son

las habilidades sociales requeridas ante un nuevo rol de liderazgo.

Palabras Clave: Performatividad, género, Educación, lideresa.

Recibido: 05 de octubre de 2021; Aceptado: 27 de diciembre de 2021; Publicado: 07 de enero de 2022.

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1

. INTRODUCTION

Performativity is defined in the first instance

as "performative" that established a

connection between language and action, a

theory that was given by JL Austin that

occurs when in a speech act not only

communication, words are used, but also

forcibly you have to act, then the

philosopher and thinker Judith Butler,

supported by Austin's theory, redefined the

theory of performativity, based on the

importance in relation to To gender and to

the body, performative speech acts are

neither free nor unique, nor given by the

individual will of the person, but are

culturally repetitive actions throughout

Although performativity as cultural is true, it

is also recognized as a political technology

that makes reformist changes in the public,

accompanied by educational markets and

the new public management in education

(Ball, 2008)

When it is related to leadership and

education, we can mention what are their

main participation axes, that is, what are

their incidents with each of the individuals,

on the other hand, we can mention how

important they come to do and what their

main functions are We can know that

education is a set of customs and traditions

that are in charge of specializing an

individual in a certain subject, therefore it

can be known that leadership is a unique

form of behavior that tries to seek the social

welfare of each of In other words, individuals

allow to know a thousand times the qualities

of the group to keep together all these

factors that are very important axes.

history. What Buther did was

a

deconstruction of gender by indicating how

the body and gender are socially constructed

through customs and traditions, and he

questioned

identity".

essentialist

theories

of

"

Actions or bodies are performative when

they produce the generation of a reality

through its transformation. In this context,

the sum of bodily actions of several people,

as an exercise in performativity, has great

potential in the transformation of social and

power relations.

Leadership focused on learning, on the other

hand, can be understood as an important

source that is in charge of establishing values

that are clearly predetermined in order to

generate an environment that is extremely

healthy and allows knowing what the

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The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

specific characteristics and factors are

responsible for establish the differences

with each of these factors on the other hand

we can know what have been the most

important events that have occurred in

society, that is, what are the most important

forms of behavior on the other hand we can

know more historical facts that have

occurred presented in education improving

it to a large extent and for the benefit of the

community.

appear the different social bonds that are

developing in a predetermined society that

is responsible for improving people's lives in

a clear and precise way, looking for the well-

being of each of the individuals and

improving their life in such a way that it does

not influence the lives of individuals.On the

other hand, we can mention the most

relevant acts that are generated in society in

a clear and precise way and are stipulated by

society itself. (Gutierres, 2006).

Leadership is responsible for benefiting

learning because it is responsible for the

improvement of each factor that improves

the quality of life of individuals, that is, which

are the most important functions, on the

other hand, the effects of learning and

practices are important for society on the

other. On the other hand, we can improve

the quality of life of each of the individuals,

that is, what are the effects that are

consecutive that can generate in the short or

long term, benefiting society for the

improvement of them by the component of

society, that is, which are the important

factors.

Bruner (1997) mentions Education as a key

starting point the relationship that culture

has and in this way how it educates the

population, there are relationships between

culture and education, as for America, there

have

been

increasing

educational

achievements, especially in children

educated in economically well-off families

and hence the gap between children from

poor families since it has not been improving

over time, another key point is the

responsibility of new generations that is

nothing more than living together and

learning to live, being able to maintain

identities local.

When talking about an educational

direction, it means the general approach

that they should have, that is to say, here

The objective of education is to help us find

our own way, understand the complexities

and contradictions of life where the child can

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know how the world works since teachers

On the other hand, promoting the

participation of parents in the education of

their children is a strategy to promote the

reform of the educational system, because it

is a mechanism that can: pressure schools to

must teach children to master their technical

skills and above all to know and become

aware of the world in which they live and

what their legacy will be, this implies the

depth of transmitting general principles

about knowledge, the teacher being a guide

to be able to understand and discover on

their own about their training.

provide

quality

education,

require

information on the performance of students,

face discrimination and abuse, implement

responsibility for the services provided and

mechanisms to defend their rights and

present claims for these rights. (Cuervo &

Urías Murrieta, 2011)

It should be noted that education shapes the

mind of the individual, school practice to

train and reflect on the mind equal to the

power that is associated with the formation

of habits, if it is privileged will depend on the

context in which the child, his family, the

school model provided by the State

The Taxonomy of parental participation

proposed by Martiniello (1999) cited by

Cuervo & Urías Murrieta (2011) mentions

the following aspects for parental

participation; raising children where they

perform the functions of parents and create

economic and psychological conditions that

allow children to go to school. On the other

hand, the teacher must take into account the

actions taken by parents to continue and

strengthen the learning process in the family

classroom.

In the study carried out by Cuervo &

Murrieta (2011), in their research on the way

in which parental participation occurs and its

direct importance in educational practice, it

is related to positive attitudes and behaviors

towards

school.

Greater

parental

involvement is also good for the family

because it increases their self-confidence,

gets information about the school's

operation, and makes teachers and the

school in general more active.

According to Tedesco (1998) Education has

changed its role, because on the one hand it

will be the most important variable, it allows

a person to enter or stay outside the circle of

defining and performing the most socially

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The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

significant activities; On the other hand, it is

necessary that all people undertake self-

education to adapt to the constantly

changing society and the performance

requirements of production.

foundation of the school, because when

family life cannot prepare for school life or

cannot fulfill the promises of the stage, the

growth of more than one child will be

disturbed, if It is believed that social and

emotional learning in elementary and

middle schools reduces behavior problems,

improves achievement and develops

positive attitudes, so it makes sense.

As children grow, their ability to control

attention and choose their own interests will

improve with age. They use different

information storage strategies. Boys and

girls at elementary levels have the ability to

carefully design, acquire and organize

knowledge so that in some cases it surpasses

that of adults. During this period, children

acquire concepts that allow them to

understand their environment in a more

complex way, they achieve decentralized

thinking. Also at these ages, children have

the ability to work in groups, can

concentrate on their own, and cooperate

with others when necessary. (Laborda,

Santana López, & Vial Lavín, 2013)

Marenales (1996) mentions that formal

education should be understood as

education imparted in an official, private or

authorized institution of the school system.

These creatures are made up of levels,

cycles, degrees, and methods. Student

transfers through this structure are made

through the credit system: degrees, degrees

and certificates, which attest to the overall

and progressive achievements that

constitute the entry requirements to the

next level. It has its own and specific

institutions, administered by government

agencies. Therefore, management is

hierarchical. This hierarchy provides a

specific legal framework for each country.

The courses are usually general and are

aimed at comprehensive teaching. Its

objective is to improve the intellectual

development of students as well as their

Erikson (1993) pointed out in various stages

of the life cycle one of the most notable

characteristics is that when students obtain

their approval when carrying out their

actions, they must attribute it to their peers

and colleagues. Therefore, the difficulty at

this stage is that they may feel inferior. Here,

the role of the family is to support the

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physical, social and emotional training. The

economic and other social tasks, children are

not separated, they have cared for them and

learned to be part of the group, they are not

"taught" in the traditional sense.

teaching staff consists mainly of

professionals or officially recognized

personnel.

Non-formal education is a manifestation of

educational methods and attitudes different

from school education, but it always seeks

goals and elements with functions and

literacy, such as functional literacy and adult

education. And develop specific methods for

these areas, such as standardizing

The philosopher (Austin, 1981) specified

performativity as the understanding that

established a link between language and

exercise. Performativity is provided when

vocabularies are not used in a language or

research activity, but an action is inevitably

involved. The effusive character that it

executes (Austin, 1981) with the enunciation

of performativity resides in radiating the

scope of the located capacity equal to the

capacity of the memories, moving towards

the level of the impulses that are revealed

when we talk. Name the illocutionary

volume of the dialect action can be

habituated as emphasis of the explanation

and, as a result, it would exist facilitating a

little account of the materiality of the

communicative place.

community

awareness

work

and

sociocultural animation methods. In this

way, we can think that non-formal education

is usually carried out outside the framework

of educational institutions that provide

learning to students.

From the perspective of personal

development and from the perspective of

people's historical and social development,

informal education is the first form of

education. Again, this is a universal form

until the complexity of social life requires the

existence of special education agents. In all

societies, whether primitive or extremely

civilized, until recently, the education of

most children was carried out mainly

accidentally, and not in schools designed for

this purpose. Adults carry out their

In this way, it can be established that the

circumstance, the assets of the explanation

conceived as combat, is always found

irreducibly in excess. Which implies that the

effectiveness of the performative action is

defended by the internal reproduction of the

city council is invited by an explicit energy in

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The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

a clear argument the unknown for the

favorable work of a performative action.

From which we conclude the link between

the nascent dialect enthusiasm and rules

that must be established and approved by

society and that make up its winning

situations.

emissions; However, on the one hand, due

to the absence in some cases of indicators of

illocutionary intensity, the illocutionary

intensity of an emission is not clear in such

antecedents; on the other hand, to be

divided from certain indicators such as

performative verbs or by any other exponent

that is present. Two types of language

practice were distinguished: direct and

indirect dialect experience.

The explanation of the practice that talks is

one of the most definite participations

simultaneous to the prescription and

balance of language. (Oviedo, 2015) It is

based on the conceptualization that the

dialect not only serves to qualify the

universe, but also certain actions are carried

out with it, also of mentioning something.

The basic mechanism of information is not

then the words or words, but the experience

of dialect, we can report a news for example

today is Sunday, ask for something, buy me

a custom and recommend something, you

should be more comfortable. It originally

delineates a trend between realizing and

verifying emissions; the constative emissions

are those that describe the universe or a

state of things is to mention are able to

determine if it is serious or false.

Judith Butler looks at her theory on the

performativity of gender, in a political

framework

called

"anti-essentialist

deconstruction" and breaks with the ideas of

the concept of subject to universalist that

makes room for current liberal politics,

where the processes of essentialization,

naturalization and identify political theories

in relation to the LGTBIQ sector. (Butler,

1997)

Judith Butler talks about people's sexual

orientation and how they can express their

"

gender" and says that they are the result of

a construction throughout history in the

social, historical and cultural and that there

is no essential or biological role in “human

nature, that is to say that it is not biology but

culture, if I was taught as a child that

biologically I have intimate parts of man and

(

Austin, 1981) It established an inclination

between the primary performative

emissions and explicit performative

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therefore I must behave like this, because it

carrying out performatively a position of the

subject.

is wrong, since the only nature of the person

it is culture and in such a way gender and sex

are "performances", simple performative

acts.

Judith does not also say that we do not have

a fixed and innate identity, but that we

dispute an identity, when we perform

certain acts of speech (p.28) ... and it is

human to invoke identities at different times

based on the context in which it is is

developing (Butler, 1997)

It is known that according to the Faucaultian

line, the performativity of language can be

understood as a type of technology; and an

instrument of social or political power.

Beatriz Preciado does not say “gender does

not have an ontological source outside of

actions that do not confirm this way. This is

how sex and the body are known as a

ritualized repetition, which is usually done

by custom at the birth of the child, and we

can observe many examples that are usually

given in children, but even more so in

oriental upbringing. (Butler, 1997)

Each theory creates space for systematic and

explanatory thinking about certain areas of

reality. Strategic theory attempts to explain

the "class" of social events and processes,

which are characterized by special attention

to power, goals, and implementation of plan

execution. (Labourdette, 2007)

Strategic theory focuses on the behavior of

power that points to a certain point of arrival

within a certain time. That is, they are action

plans that try to achieve results. They are

programmed as skills that are about to end.

Therefore, this has nothing to do with any

kind of social events or social actions: out of

an infinite range of social events and actions,

a class of social events and processes stands

out that exhibit certain characteristics that

make them "strategic".

And to this we can put many examples to try

to understand, when a child is born instantly,

children's clothes, children's toys, the ball,

cars are bought, and it is something

ritualized that is carried out for decades, and

from The same way with girls, it is an old

cultural pattern, for Butler, canonical,

hegemonic sexuality, as the transgressor,

were the result of performativity, since the

subject is the result of the process of

subjectivation and of the interpretation of

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The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

Social relations are also power relations.

They cannot exist without the other.

Although these are components of power,

these in turn are conditions for power.

Therefore, there is no social relationship

without power. Of course, provided that the

concept of power has the characteristics and

breadth that we clarify here.

problem of power from "microphysics" (26)

it is because he has reestablished practice in

each social situation and has clarified the

construction of power in each place.

Power generation covers breadth and depth.

It ranges from the "dominant" political,

cultural,

ideological

and

economic

relationship (open or secret) to the

transmission, direction, direction and

influence of the creation of various forms of

social relations in order to seek their

purpose and purpose. Therefore, power

leads to subjectivity, collapse or liberation,

and a complex interwoven picture of all

these possibilities in social life.

There is no doubt that recreation means

taking a "turn" and establishing a new "point

of view", while still incorporating everything

that is considered fruitful in the

development of the theory, even the

opposite. Power is composed of all the

elements that constitute social reality: social

relations, actions, strategies, institutions,

organizations, myths, beliefs, values and

knowledge. The particularity of power is that

it configures these elements in a creative

and convincing organizational structure

according to the situation.

It can be defined as the ability to make and

implement decisions, to prevent or hinder

decision-making; and to gain advantage in all

social, political, economic, religious, military,

family, personal and other fields or to

impose stronger alternative capabilities.

The "positioning" viewpoint put forward by

Mr. Foucault perfectly complements our

view on this issue. From the concept of

2. METHODOLOGY

The methodology is based on a mixed

research design, applying a questionnaire,

conducting semi-structured interviews with

key informants and reviewing documents on

institutional policies, plans or programs,

"

globalization", it includes all levels of power

and social levels. Therefore, macro and

micro vision are interrelated and feed into

each other without losing background and

specificity. If Foucault manages to solve the

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management reports or results related to

Pilot test for questionnaire validation, semi-

structured interview script development,

performativities. Quantitative analysis was

performed using the SPSS program to

identify statistically significant relationships

with Chi-square tests.

sample

questionnaire and interviews, analysis and

interpretation of quantitative and

selection,

application

of

qualitative data, exhaustive review of the

literature, interviews with key informants.

The participants were the women leaders

who have held some managerial position in

the university in central Ecuador.

Chart 1. Participants of the investigation.

AGE

Frequency percentage Percentage Valid Cumulative Percentage

3

4

5

6

1

3

4

5

8

9

0

2

4

5

6

7

9

0

4

6

7

0

1

2

1

2

1

3

2

1

2

1

3,6

7,1

3,6

7,1

3,6

10,7

7,1

3,6

7,1

3,6

3,7

7,4

3,7

7,4

3,7

11,1

7,4

3,7

7,4

3,7

7,4

11,1

14,8

18,5

25,9

29,6

33,3

40,7

44,4

55,6

63

70,4

77,8

81,5

88,9

92,6

96,3

100

TOTAL 27

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3

. RESULTS

investigated with 46 years of age, therefore

We conclude that the women surveyed

become leaders from the age of 30 or occupy

high positions, age is an important factor for

the research carried out as it determines the

age of women to reach managerial or higher-

ranking positions by the existing gender

performativities.

.1. Analysis and interpretation of data

•

Data analysis and interpretation

According to the research carried out and

the data collection, we determined that the

maximum age of the respondents is 61 years

old, and the minimum age is 31 years, the

highest percentage is 10% of the people

Chart 2. Civil Status.

CIVIL STATUS

Percentage Cumulative

frequency percentage Valid

Percentage

Single

1

3,6

3,7

3.7

married

Divorced

total

24

2

27

85,7

7,1

96,4

88,9

7,4

100

92.6

100

STATE CIVIL

3

,4

,7

7

Single

married

Divorced

8

8,9

Based on the data collection of the research,

there is a high percentage of married

women, and a minimum between single and

divorced, according to the research we

determine that the marital status of a person

interferes a lot in the professional

development of a woman since it They

attribute more roles to him than a man due

to the condition of the body and gender.

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Chart 3. Family Burdens.

FAMILY BURDENS

Frequency Percentage Percentage Valid Accumulated percentage

0

1

2

3

1

3

12

4

3,6

5

10,7

42,9

14,3

71,4

28,6

100

15

60

20

100

20

80

100

TOTAL 20

system 8

2

8

CHARGES FAMILY

5%

15%

20%

0

1

2

3

60%

From the data collected, 60% of the

population has two children and 5% does not

have any child, so we analyze family

responsibilities as an important factor for

the development of leadership, where they

occupy more roles at home and at home.

work because of the condition of being a

mother, they attribute more obligations,

95% of the women surveyed have more than

one family burden.

Chart 4. Do you feel that the education received in your home contributes to your formation as a leader?

Percentage Cumulative

frequency percentage Valid

Percentage

If

Not

Total

26

1

27

92,9

3,6

96,3

3,7

96,3

100

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The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

do you consider that the education received in

your home contributes to your formation as a

leader?

3

,70

if

not

9

6,30

According to the data collected from the

people, 96.30% answered that the education

received in their homes did not contribute to

their training as a leader, because according

to the research, society has attributed to

women unfair roles in the home compared

to men, education who receive women in

the home assign them roles based on home

care, teach women to be housewives and do

not prepare them for a professional life.

According to the research carried out and

the data collection, we determined that the

maximum age of the respondents is 61 years

old, and the minimum age is 31 years, the

highest percentage is 10% of the people

investigated with 46 years of age, therefore

We conclude that the women surveyed

become leaders from the age of 30 or occupy

high positions, age is an important factor for

the research carried out as it determines the

age of women to reach managerial or higher-

ranking positions by the existing gender

performativities.

4

. DISCUSSION

The main findings that have been identified

are that the links between the institution

and the families are generated by the

participation that each of them generates in

the face of a new role and leadership

assumed; what demands the development

of performativities such as the social skills

required before a new leadership role.

Based on the data collection of the research,

there is a high percentage of married

women, and a minimum between single and

divorced, according to the research we

determine that the marital status of a person

interferes a lot in the professional

development of a woman since it They

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Altamirano-Altamirano et al. (2022)

attribute more roles to him than a man due

positions of power and academic decision of

Ecuadorian teachers.

to the condition of the body and gender.

From the data collected, 60% of the

population has two children and 5% does not

have any child, so we analyze family

responsibilities as an important factor for

the development of leadership, where they

occupy more roles at home and at home.

work because of the condition of being a

mother, they attribute more obligations,

5

. CONCLUSIONS

Educational systems are based on

methodologies and strategies that are used

to carry out a teaching of better

achievement in students, which helps to

generate a perspective or shape the

student's path to be the future of the

country, with the help of the responsibility of

the family since it should promote values

that help to further encourage the student.

Within society, it has been possible to

identify that the links between the

institution and the family are generated by

the participation that each one of them

generates to develop the behavior and

attitudes of the minor, which makes them

play the new role that they must take before

the society.

9

5% of the women surveyed have more than

one family burden.

According to the data collected from the

people, 96.30% answered that the education

received in their homes did not contribute to

their training as a leader, because according

to the research, society has attributed to

women unfair roles in the home compared

to men, education that receive women in the

home assign them roles based on home care,

teach women to be homemakers and do not

prepare them for a professional life.

Education in the face of a leadership system

refers primarily to the education that is

generated by each of the individuals, which

leads to activities that generate or promote

the customs and traditions of the

community in which they are working, for

This must be implemented strategies and

This research aims to explain the

performativities that a leader goes through

in teaching, having as the objective and

interest of the study to analyze them, in the

access, exercise and permanence in

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Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 5 (Núm. 9) (ene-jun 2022). ISSN: 2697-3626

The performativities that a leader goes through in teaching

programs that help this social development

within education.

Reality in these times has been seen in a

social construction since individuals have

changed their way of perceiving reality and

have been forced to interact in certain ways,

since their ideals, beliefs and even

institutions are changing and adapting to the

new social ideology.

The benefit that is given in society through

leadership is to improve the quality of life of

individuals, for which the most important

and relevant aspects that make their life not

improve must be established and

investigated, these benefits must be

performed in the long and short term that

the Social Worker wants to implement the

practice and engage in its social follow-up.

By implementing good leadership we are

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