Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 4 (Núm. 7) (ene-jun 2021). ISSN: 2697-3626

Gender perspective and influences of barriers for participation of Ecuadorian Educators in positions of power

GENDER PERSPECTIVE AND INFLUENCES OF BARRIERS FOR PARTICIPATION OF ECUADORIAN

EDUCATORS IN POSITIONS OF POWER

PERCEPCIÓN DE GÉNERO E INFLUENCIAS DE LAS BARRERAS EN LA PARTICIPACIÓN DE LAS

DOCENTES ECUATORIANAS, EN LOS PUESTOS DE PODER

Altamirano-Altamirano Silvia Jovanna¹

1

Universidad Técnica de Ambato, UTA. Ambato, Ecuador. sj.altamirano@uta.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6152-6688

ABSTRACT:

Gender perspective, its representations and influences have become barriers that make it impossible to reach those

“

glass ceilings” which are attainable for only certain privileged groups. On the other side, perceptions that become

seemingly unavoidable realities and even family itself have become “sticky floors”, making women feel guilty at the

time of decision-making and participate in gender equity. One of the main objectives of this investigation is to

identify the perception in female academic staff concerning the existence of institutional barriers for access to

positions of power and decision-making in the universities where they work in two regions of the country: highlands

and coast. The access and permanent exercise in academic positions of power and decision-making for Ecuadorian

University Educators is the contribution of this investigation, using the methodological advantages of surveys and

interviews, for women who achieved said positions or those who attempted to, desisted from, or resigned from

them. The perceptions that are culturally built in the people’s minds become a part of everyday life, in turn

reproducing underdevelopment, entertaining the distracted masses with infighting, while others reap all benefits

and the joy of living in a world made of and with respect.

Keywords: Perception, equity, gender, culture, inclusion, sustainability, family, education, labor.

RESUMEN:

La perspectiva de Género, sus manifestaciones e influencias vienen a convertirse en las barreras, que impiden

acceder a esos techos de cristal, que están solo para cierto grupo de privilegiados, por otro lado, esas percepciones

que se convierten en realidades, aparentemente insalvables, la familia que se convierten en esos suelos pegajosos,

sintiendo culpabilidad a la hora de tomar decisiones y participar con equidad de género. Uno de los objetivos de la

investigación es detectar la percepción de las académicas sobre la existencia de barreras institucionales para el

acceso a cargos de decisión y poder en la universidad a la que se encuentran vinculadas en dos regiones del país:

sierra y costa. El acceso y el ejercicio permanente en los puestos de poder y decisión académica de las Docentes

Ecuatorianas Universitarias, es el aporte de esta investigación, utilizando las bondades de la metodología de la

encuesta y la entrevista, a las mujeres que lograron acceder o las que intentaron, desistieron o renunciaron al cargo.

Las percepciones que culturalmente trabajan en las mentes y se convierten en el diario vivir, reproduciendo el

subdesarrollo entreteniendo a la masa distraída, en peleas internas, mientras otros gozan de las bondades y alegrías

de vivir en un mundo de y con respeto.

Palabras clave: Percepción, equidad, género, cultura, inclusion, sostenibilidad, familia, educación, trabajo.

Recibido: 28 de septiembre de 2020; Aceptado: 04 de enero de 2021; Publicado: 08 de enero de 2021.

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1

. INTRODUCTION

Perception, the mental process of the

human being that has always awakened

interest in investigation, was historically

studied and defined for the first time in the

Gestalt Psychology field as the ideas that a

person or group may have about a particular

subject or topic are affected by psychic

processes. Thus, it is defined as follows.

permanent act of conceptualization. The

events of the outside world are organized by

means of category judgments that assign a

quality that best represents a number of

objects.” This means that people give a

meaning to objects, animals and things

depending on several aspects, based off

cultural context, social and family

environments, ideologies and emotions

related to the subject.

“The cognitive process of consciousness that

consist in the acknowledgement,

interpreting and meaning-assignation for

the creation of any judgment pertaining

sensations obtained from a physical and

social environment, with the intervention of

other psychic processes which include

learning, memory and symbolization.”

Vargas Melgarejo, 1994.p.48)

In order to choose a more focused approach

for the issues at hand, it is necessary to

define gender equity as one of the important

subjects to study. This particular social

subject has been on the rise during recent

years.

Equity refers to the need to provide every

individual with the corresponding amounts

of what they deserve and need depending

on their conditions. It is important to

mention that there is a considerable

difference between equity and equality, as

equality refers only to the idea of providing

individuals with the same amount of

something, regardless of their own needs

and merits. From this, it is possible to

establish a definition in relation to “gender”

Consequently, not every person will have the

same ideas, feelings or thoughts concerning

something or someone, as the perception

varies considerably between

every human being. This is because human

beings tend to comprehend and remember

events, depending on the emotions that

they may feel.

According to (Oviedo, 2004. p. 89.

“Perception can be understood as a

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Gender perspective and influences of barriers for participation of Ecuadorian Educators in positions of power

and analyze it as a single unit for

convenience.

female”; this means that both would have

the same rights, responsibilities, and

opportunities regardless of their gender at

birth. Thus, it is proposed that the needs,

Historically, according to (Scott, 1986.p.3)

gender was a term proposed by those who

claimed that the knowledge held by women

would bring a paramount transformation for

the paradigms of this area of knowledge.

Feminist scholars soon stated that studies

made by women would not only bring light

on new subjects, but also force a critical

reconsideration of the premises and

standards for existing academic work. This

means that the very definition of this word

was brought into existence by women,

geared towards seeking inclusion and

expecting greater deeds, as is it necessary to

start creating new conceptualizations in the

requirements and priorities of both genders

are considered, acknowledging, and giving

every of them the importance that they

justly deserve. On the other hand, (UNESCO,

2012. p. 106) refers to gender equity as the

impartial treatment between men and

women based on the individual needs that

they may have, including all responsibilities,

rights, and possibilities to attain a higher

social development by means of the

implementation of policies that make up for

previous flaws at a historical level.

However, how can we identify a situation

where gender equality or equity does not

exist? It is possible to define Violence

Against Women according to (UNESCO,

minds of people, as well as the modification

and adaptation of the concepts involved to

promote growth and social changes.

2

012. p. 106) as any act of violence based on

It is necessary to state what can be

the victim being of the female gender, which

has or may have a harmful result or causes

physical, psychological, or sexual suffering,

including threats of any type, arbitrary

deprivation of liberty; referring to work or

school environments for sexual harassment,

domestic violence, and rape.

understood with “gender equality” and

“gender equity”, as their definitions are

close in meaning but not entirely similar.

Thus, according to (UNESCO, 2012. p. 105),

equality is defined as “equality of rights,

responsibilities, and opportunities for

women and men, children both male and

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Due to this, one of the most viable solutions

development of projects for female

inclusion, as the objectives set by the United

for reducing violence against women and a

means to place them in charge of enforcing

their rights is by being socially active in the

empowerment of individuals. This would

make every person responsible for their own

lives and widen their options and

opportunities to grow in any area that they

so desire.

Nations refer to sustainable development at

an economic, environmental, and social

level. The world and the various member

countries of the UN are trying to support one

another and provide ideas for the efficient

fulfilment of all said objectives pertaining

gender equality by year 2030. Objective

number 5 according to (CEPAL: United

Nations, 2016. p. 17) refers to seeking

gender equality in as many countries as

possible, socializing actions which help

include more women every time, including

proper education for women since

childhood. The objective also refers to “girl

empowerment” as education based on girls

promoting their presence as protagonists

and maintaining the necessary self-esteem

so they themselves can promote the

enforcement of their rights and that this

equality is more focused and can be

arranged into a normalized part of culture

itself, with women holding an important role

in society. This would represent great

progress for social development.

The quest for gender equality has long been

a controversial subject. Not only because

many people with contrary mentalities that

blatantly oppose it still exist, but also

because

several

women

have

misunderstood the idea of seeking equity

and equality with the manipulation and

undervaluation of men, which caused the

appearance of the so called “feminazis”. The

origin of this word can be traced back to the

decade of the 90s and, Bozzo (2018) defined

it as an exaggerated and radical variation of

feminism. The main goal should be to

highlight the difference between this

variation and true equality, attempting to

work for the common welfare of both

genders, not only women.

An important addition considered, even for

development at a global level, is the

Additionally, international

several

instruments refer to gender equity. The

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report “Gender Equality” by (UN Women,

016. p. 2) mentions the following elements:

- In the International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (1966) and the International

Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural

Rights (1966), the Member States agree to

respect and ensure that all individuals in

their territory and within their jurisdiction

are granted the rights established in said

instruments, regardless of their race,

language or gender, nationality, religion,

political opinion, etc.”

2

“

-Since

the

foundation

of

UNO,

discrimination based on a person’s gender

was forbidden; the principle of equality of

rights between men and women was

embodied in the United Nations Charter of

June 1945.

-

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948) also mentioned the principle of

(

For women, the support of legal frameworks

that protect rights that promote equality is a

positive element and has great importance.

Thus, it is aimed towards every human being

having different perspectives of gender

equality.

equality and the forbidding of all sorts of

discrimination based on gender and

establishes the right of all people to

participate in an equalitarian manner in

political decisions and to access functions for

public affairs.

According to\ (UNESCO, 2012. p.111-112)

gender equality is evaluated depending on

the number of opportunities for men and

women in various areas such as education,

health, labor force participation, and

promotion opportunities. These are all

indicators that allow the measurement of

social advancement, as well as the exercise

of certain values, attitudes and cultural

traditions that make it possible to analyze

the circumstances from a personal and

community perspective, as well as any

influences on possible contributions for

-

The Convention on the Political Rights of

Women (1954) proposes the

implementation of the principle of equality

of rights of men and women established in

the United Nations Charter.

-

The International Convention on the

Elimination of All Forms of Racial

Discrimination (1965) proposes policies

towards the elimination of all forms of racial

discrimination and promotion of common

understanding among all races.

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cultural, political, economic, and social

development of the country. Finally, it is

possible to make the best out of the

beneficial results of the achievements

obtained by both men and women, as that is

the only way a positive numerical rating can

be obtained.

diversity, traditions, and cultural rights

compatible with the gender equality desired.

This would allow the same opportunities for

access and participation in culture and

various processes for both men and women,

becoming a stepping-stone for equality.

If equality can be ensured, many new

Culture is key for the attainment of gender

equality as the environment is, sadly, the

main limiting condition. Thus, it is necessary

to find strategies and aid from public entities

to promote said equality, although it may

result in conflicts with cultural practices and

traditions. Culture may start to be

considered a negative element, as an

efficient instrument in the resistance to

change which is even justified by the

chronology and “history” behind said

culture.

options

would

become

available,

guaranteeing the development of interests

and creativity of every individual. People will

always have different perceptions, but the

main goal should be to make it so that every

person keeps an open mind towards

inclusion and opportunities not only in

public institutions or situations, but also at a

personal level. This way, it could be

considered a human right and a means for

the development of society.

This change in perception may also be

attained with strategies and agreements

that focus on gender as the main subject and

promote the evolution and renewal of

practices, values, attitudes and, of course,

perceptions related to the roles of men and

women within society. This, along with the

support from governing

The use of culture as a justification to avoid

change and maintain the “status” of men in

society preserves a sort of backward

dynamism established in previous centuries

and avoids any adaptations to social changes

and certain sets of values that can achieve

positive social transformations.

One of the most important values needed to

start the change would be the respect to

officers in this context and the creation and

promotion of public policies will help the

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construction of open, integrative societies

according to the rights of all genders to

obtain sustainable results. It is possible if this

type of intervention becomes more

commonplace and more people become

involved. This means that it is necessary to

work in a change in mentality for this kind of

projects so that they do not span over a

specific period only, but instead remain alive

and present within the people who

participated in it: in this case, the female

educators of Ecuador.

SPSS. There were also interviews to certain

key informers from the G1, G2-UTA; and G1,

G2-UTM groups. Finally, conclusions were

drawn up concerning the perception of the

existence of institutional barriers for access

to academic power positions. A general

report was drafted including the main

findings of the study.

3. RESULTS

According to the results of the surveys that

were carried out for the women who do not

occupy academic power positions at the

Technical University of Ambato who attempt

to reach, have desisted from or had resigned

this year mentioned that that if they want to

get a higher position, there are several

factors that need to be considered, 30.77%

expressed that their couples represent a

barrier at home and their children limit their

access, 23.08% stated that they have

problems with their sons and daughters,

15.38% do not any problems, they are free

to make decisions because they do not have

This change in perception will be attained

using the corresponding tools: dialogues,

agreements, and incentives for its execution,

as well as the transmission of the collective

benefits that gender equality would bring for

everyone.

2

. METHODOLOGY

For this investigation, there were various

methods and materials starting with a pilot

test to validate the survey. Afterwards, a

script for a semi-structured interview was

drafted for the G1 and G2 groups. The

surveying took place at the Technical

University of Ambato (UTA) and the

Technical University of Manabi (UTM) with

groups G1 and G2, using a Data Matrix in

family

responsibilities.

Also,

7.69%

highlighted that experience is another

factor. Likewise, 7.69% of the women who

cannot get higher-ranking job positions

mentioned that their parents influence

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them. Likewise, the results of the surveys of

taking the example of their parents and to

obtain success in their lives.

the women who have higher positions at

Technical University of Ambato show that

One of the most significant questions

regarding the survey are the reasons why

they accept to take other positions at work.

This is determined by job training, in other

words, the updating of knowledge produces

new bases that are commonly developed to

promote knowledge and updating it.

6

4% were mentored by one of their

coworkers, 36% of the women who are part

of the surveyed population determined that

the rector of the university and family

members mentored them for the insertion in

the occupational environment at the

University. Regarding the influence of other

people in decision-making it is said that

According to 63.64% of people health is the

main cause for leaving positions of authority.

Being at work all the time neglects people’s

health and even more their personal care,

personal life, family, and friends for

executing authority responsibilities in the

workplace.

3

5.29% are influenced by their children,

followed by 25.53% from their parents and

another high percentage argued that they

are not influenced by anyone.

With respect to behavior in the workplace,

9

6.15% of people determine that their

Another aspect that tends to create tension

for women is to put aside friendship

relations due to the occupational field they

are working on. It is mentioned that 60% of

the people are interested in social and

cultural events, taking care of the family

represents the 40% of women surveyed. It is

worth mentioning that 88,6% of women are

valued in their homes for the performance

they are doing and their development in

professional life.

participation when taking decisions is active

and they act when it is needed for their

participation to become valid.

Instruction was also mentioned because it is

carried out in their homes. Parents had

influenced an effective instruction and

growth process in the academy. They have

more relevance for a child to develop since

both, father and mother have a specific role

regarding their children development. For

instance, women had made progress by

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Apart from conducting surveys to women

who occupy and do not occupy senior

positions, important interviews were also

conducted. For women who are not in a

currently public position or who rejected

one, a remarkable fact was found.

women who work at Technical University of

Ambato had to put aside their professional

career to work in other positions.

Nevertheless, 25% of women who

correspond to 7 women mentioned that

working in high-ranking positions has not

been a factor to abandon their professional

career.

For both the women who enter higher

positions and those who do not have a

common factor. According to 30.77%,

women state that this factor is their partner.

Additionally, the gender conquest has

favored working and occupational practice.

Therefore 90% of the women in the study do

not have difficulties to develop their work as

authorities at Technical University of

Ambato. Furthermore, 40% of women

acknowledge that the reason for accepting a

higher position is professional satisfaction.

In addition, they point out they know the

educational system more closely.

As

implications. Furthermore, as reported by

3.08% of women, they have not had any

a

result, there are household

2

implications and they are free of their

decisions. Since they do not have family

responsibilities.

On the other hand, in the interview with the

women who are currently holding public

positions, other series of questions were

asked to know what difficulties they faced to

get to where they are today.

There are several factors that are included

for obtaining a higher position. 15% of the

women who access to the system is due to

the petition of one of their coworkers, 10%

mentioned that administrative imposition,

In agreement with the 65% of women there

are various barriers to holding high-ranking

positions. Moreover, the 35% of the

participants affirm there are no limitations

for access to high-ranking positions.

personal

satisfaction,

knowing

the

educational system and their coworker’s

petition as it was previously mentioned are

factors to enter a higher hierarchy job.

Another question that was analyzed in this

interview revealed that 75% of surveyed

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Despite the difficulties of holding public

As mentioned in (Organización Internacional

de Trabajo, 2014), men and boys are also in

charge of working together to open

opportunities to the market and maintain

equality in a healthy and respectful

relationship between equals. Since people

want to achieve this objective, it should be

coordinated by both genders and notice the

benefits of them.

functions in the Educational System, 60% of

people did not have any issues in exercising

them. In addition, 20% of those surveyed

have had some dilemmas with time and

social incompatibility, and in 5% there is little

capacity to

positions.

perform

higher-ranking

4

. CONCLUSIONS

To change this perception, it must be

considered according to the (Programa de

las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo, 2015)

(UNDP) which states that empowerment is

essential for social development in a

sustainable way and maintaining a balanced

society, apart from providing notable

economic growth, as the objective that is

raised according to female empowerment.

According to the results of indices and

surveys, it can be concluded that many of

the women who are currently holding public

functions are mothers. The problem also lies

in the way mothers see their children as a

motivation to their professional growth. On

the other hand, they unconsciously see their

children as one of the greatest impediments.

Besides, it should be emphasized that in

many cases it is not only the children, but

also the partner and sometimes their

parents.

“It is vital to ensure that women have a voice

and vote in all government institutions, from

the judiciary to the public function, as well as

in the private sector and civil society, so that

they can participate equally in public

dialogue and the decision-making and

influence the decisions that will determine

the future of their families and countries.”

(Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el

Desarrollo, 2015) (UNDP).

The inequality of opportunities doe not only

lies in what is socially done but goes further.

Due to family reasons and even insecurities

created by the woman herself, which is why

these factors are taken as personal

limitations in the process of knowledge

update.

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The role that a woman plays is a determining

factor, which is why UNDP has also provided

in Latin America and the Caribbean, a

program that motivates public and private

companies to promote gender equality in

the workplace. In 12 countries, 1,700

companies have been certified for meeting

program standards through hiring and

practices relevant to this project.

The perception process in gender equity

regardless of where we live or where it is

investigated, can become a social problem if

it is not addressed because this equity

process is a fundamental human right. In

addition to being the basis for a healthy

society that is aimed at reducing poverty

when women receive economic incomes for

invigorating

society.

There

are

improvements in the field of health,

inclusive education, protection and well-

being of children and adolescents.

There are more and more policies, which

oversee allowing the global development of

gender equality, which is an opening for the

change of people's perceptions. Being in a

certain way a slow process but effective.

What becomes more complicated is the fact

of breaking certain individual women

limitations. As observed in the surveys and in

the analyzed interviews, several cases show

that society does not only impose obstacles,

but also certain mental limitations

motivated by the previous culture for

women who tried to access these public

functions.

Due to these indicators, intervention actions

must be taken through the implementation

of programs that also allow women not only

to be part of a social but economic way

promoting the generation of resources and

the enjoyment of them within a country.

The research based on the results of the

interviews and applied surveys provokes

reflection in our world of perceptions about

gender equity in the world of work to

critically engage with solutions to each of

these limitations and mental schemes.

The importance of working on this type of

mentality change, with children, from a very

young age will create empowerment and a

positive perception about what gender

equality is in a different way.

Moreover, there are some factors that must

be considered. One of them is people who

work in gender projects. Professionals in

charge of the execution of these projects

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must be those involved in social areas, who

of problem, it is not possible to speak of

equality if this type of problem continues to

exist.

can maintain direct and effective contact

with people, who know how to listen, but

also how to speak in a way to motivate

changes.

The purpose of this research is to motivate

the creation of labor and social policies that

promote equity not only at Technical

University of Ambato but also in the Coast

and Highlands. These policies should be

considered as a starting point to be

socialized and applied not only here but in

other places as well.

Historically, impressive progress has been

made for the change that is wanted, but

despite that, several stereotypes continue

that still influence the perception of gender

issues, added to prejudices or stereotypes

regarding age, ethnicity, sexual orientation,

socioeconomic status, among others.

Women as professionals have the same

capacity as men. For this reason, they should

have the same possibilities to be promoted,

receive equal incomes and that their role

receives the importance that deserves.

Although much work has been done for

equal opportunities, there are still different

barriers not only personal, but also within

the labor society that prevent women from

trying to reach high positions and eventually

they will resign.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES

The perception that women have less time

due to a bad distribution of roles, demand an

obligation to their homes which detriment

their own autonomous development.

Bozzo, F. (2018). Feminazismo, hembrismo e

ideología de género. Litorales, 3-13.

CEPAL: Naciones Unidas. (2016). Agenda

2

030 y Objetivos de Desarrollo

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Unidas.

Santiago:

Naciones

Another type of problem, which could even

be considered as a type of gender violence,

is that the highest percentage of women

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due to their partners. This could be an

inconceivable action regardless of any type

ONU Mujeres. (2016). La igualdad de género.

Ciudad de México: ONU.

Organización Internacional de Trabajo.

(2014). Igualdad de género y no

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