Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 4 (Núm. 7) (ene-jun 2021). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Influence of fake news on older adults  
INFLUENCE OF FAKE NEWS ON OLDER ADULTS  
INFLUENCIA DE NOTICIAS FALSAS EN ADULTOS MAYORES  
Menéndez-Zambrano Carmen1  
1
Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal del Cantón Manta. Manta, Ecuador.  
menendezcarmen3@gmail.com https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0983-7985  
ABSTRACT:  
Motivated by researching the influence of voice messages with fake news, on the mental health of Manta's older  
adults in the context of COVID-19, the goal of this study was to determine that sharing fake news can alter people's  
thoughts. This means that the content of such messages can affect the mental health of this age group. The study  
was conducted with an exploratory-descriptive qualitative-quantitative approach. The selection of informants was  
fulfilled through the finite proportion formula with a margin of error of 0.5. A virtual survey of 281 older adults across  
the city was conducted and 3 journalism professionals were interviewed to calculate the risk to which this population  
group is exposed in the context of the pandemic. Fake news from voice messages was found to generate emotions  
of anguish and insecurity in 75.4% of respondents, but feelings of uncertainty, confusion, mistrust, and suspicion  
also emerge. Recommendations are proposed to avoid sharing news of dubious content and verifying in reliable  
sources.  
Keywords: Voice messages, fake news, mental health, older adults.  
RESUMEN:  
Motivados por investigar sobre la influencia de los mensajes de voz con noticias falsas, en la salud mental de los  
adultos mayores de Manta en el contexto del COVID-19, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar que compartir  
noticias falsas puede alterar los pensamientos de las personas. Esto quiere decir que el contenido de dichos mensajes  
puede afectar la salud mental de este grupo etario. El estudio fue realizado con un enfoque cualitativo-cuantitativo  
de tipo exploratorio-descriptivo. La selección de los informantes se cumplió a través de la fórmula de proporción  
finita con un margen de error del 0.5. Se realizó una encuesta virtual a 281 adultos mayores en toda la ciudad y  
fueron entrevistados 3 profesionales del periodismo, para calcular el riesgo al que está expuesto este grupo  
poblacional en el contexto de la pandemia. Se halló que las noticias falsas provenientes de los mensajes de voz  
generan emociones de angustia e inseguridad en el 75,4% de los encuestados, pero también emergen sentimientos  
de incertidumbre, confusión, desconfianza y recelo. Se proponen recomendaciones para evitar compartir noticias  
de dudoso contenido y verificar en fuentes confiables.  
Palabras clave: Mensajes de voz, noticias falsas, salud mental, adultos mayores.  
91  
Recibido: 28 de septiembre de 2020; Aceptado: 04 de enero de 2021; Publicado: 08 de enero de 2021.  
Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 4 (Núm. 7) (ene-jun 2021). ISSN: 2697-3626  
Menéndez-Zambrano (2021)  
1
. INTRODUCTION  
Since the beginning of the coronavirus  
Ecuador was no stranger to this picture as  
fake news messages were spread very  
quickly causing fear in the people across the  
country.  
pandemic in november 2019, a wave of news  
messages began to be generated with  
various content that spread very easily in  
various countries as the situation progressed  
and the virus soon crossed the borders of  
China, the country of origin of COVID-19.  
Accessibility to social messaging networks  
facilitated the spread of high-impact news.  
Topics such as: spread of the virus, countries  
most affected, numbers of contagion and  
deaths, messages with heartbreaking and  
infected content, coupled with the  
psychological vulnerability of this age group  
and strict confinement measures, were  
factors that influenced to increase the  
mental health risks of this population group.  
These messages with mostly false content  
alerted the population, forms of  
transmission, such as avoiding contagion,  
home remedies, among other topics were  
published by various means proliferating  
messages with false and alarming content.  
One of the aspects that caused the greatest  
impact on the population was that older  
adults were the most vulnerable group with  
very little chance of overcoming the virus,  
which undoubtedly generated fear in this  
population segment. Measures taken to  
confine the entire population to prevent the  
spread of the virus facilitated this wave of  
misinformation.  
With this background this research analyzed  
How do false news voice messages influence  
the metal health of older adults in the  
canton Manta?  
The purpose was to indegard the way these  
messages were recepted with non-truthful  
information in the context of the pandemic.  
A literary review of the subject was first  
conducted, and it was raised as an argument  
that these messages had a negative impact  
on older adults who influenced by their  
beliefs and prejudices are likely to believe in  
these content.  
The United Nations (2020) presented some  
figures highlighting: From 112 million public  
posts, in 64 languages on different social  
networks, on the COVID-19 pandemic, 40%  
of messages came from unreliable sources.  
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From the perspective of the population  
group that participated in this research, the  
objective of this article was to determine the  
influence of voice messages with fake news  
on the mental health of Manta's older  
adults.  
Often when talking to a person can be  
identified by his voice and his responses his  
mood, since the sound coming from words  
can generate feelings of pleasure or  
displeasure, that happens constantly when  
we hear the voice of an announcer. There  
are voices that please and hook the receiver  
and others that we prefer never to listen to  
again. (Cardona, and others, 2018)  
Recently, the media and various  
organizations have expressed concern about  
the rise of fake news that has been massed  
in the context of the pandemic, focusing  
mainly on the effects they cause on the  
population. This phenomenon has even  
been classified as "infodemics", emphasizing  
the negative effects that have occurred on  
the population, generating the alert to  
counteract this misinformation (WHO,  
González (2006) refers: "Through a voice of  
hidden origin and emerging from a radio  
device we perceive messages that do not see  
our eyes, but our mind" (p. 141). With this he  
refers to the that these messages can remain  
in our thoughts and can generate various  
emotions.  
2
020).  
Another aspect to highlight is that when we  
enter critical situations there is a noticeable  
increase in news production, which  
generates the spread of false messages  
This massification of false news has been  
given through various media and with  
greater emphasis on social networks,  
causing a great impact on the adult  
population.  
through  
networks  
and  
generating  
informational disorders and chaos in the  
population. (Ruppert, 2019).  
In spreading messages, voice plays a leading  
role, as it is through it that emotions and  
feelings, where the intonation and attitude  
of the speaker become aspects that are of  
great importance. (Berry, 2019).  
Today it is easy to access all the information  
that happens in the world at the same time  
that it happens and that is chosen according  
to our own tastes and needs, but that is not  
always truthful. Constantly circumstances  
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force us to rely on these means, relying on  
what is issued, as alternatives to keep us  
informed of what is happening.  
Pauner (2018) "With the advent of the digital  
environment and the need for permanently  
up-to-date information, the accuracy  
required by news development, one of the  
basic conditions for providing quality and  
error-free information, has been broken "p.  
For their part Figueira y Santos (2019)  
referring to false news mentions: "Despite  
not being  
a
new phenomenon, its  
2
99"). With this statement the author  
importance and the possible social and  
political consequences of its dissemination  
over the Internet have been widely  
discussed, especially in recent years" (p. 2).  
considers that the structure of news has  
been neglected by proliferating false  
messages in which its content is  
manipulated with intentions based on its  
own and non-collective interests causing in  
society an environment lacking peace and  
trust.  
With this statement they refer to the ease  
with which information is now propagated  
and the free access of the population to  
these contents, which has generated the  
analysis of this phenomenon in recent years,  
especially when it comes to false news.  
As a result of this lack of precision in the  
structure of some messages, the proper use  
of words, the use of appropriate tone of  
voice, harmony, and intonation, which are  
important for proper expressing themselves  
In this sense people become victims of  
misinformation being used by those who  
seek to bring their own interests managing  
to have the attention of the listener and  
sometimes negatively affecting since a  
fragile mind is vulnerable to what it hears  
causing the acceptance of the message.  
(Aguero, 2012) is set aside.  
All these aspects relate when receiving a  
voice message that depending on its content  
can generate different attitudes and support  
the beliefs and prejudices that predominate  
in adults, through meanings that we learn  
over the years and that are impregnated in  
the mind influencing the way we perceive  
reality (Martínez, Mitchell, & Graciela,  
Technological advances and the masification  
of the use of social networks have increased  
the spread of false news, a phenomenon  
that is not new as it has been around for a  
long time (Morales, 2018).  
2
014).  
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Influence of fake news on older adults  
Thus, beliefs are considered to be aspects  
communities and groups have greater  
capacity than others to face unfavorable  
situations. In old age, conditions that cause  
disadvantages or weaknesses appear" (p.  
102).  
that are already imbued in the family,  
symbols with which people are in their  
development and that are part of their daily  
life (Ten, 2017).  
From this perspective it can be shown that  
emotional behavior of the human being and  
in this case older adults is based on the  
knowledge and experiences that can be  
assimilated throughout their life and that by  
not being interpreted properly they can  
cause negative effects on a vulnerable  
person.  
According to these perceptions for older  
adults it is difficult to adapt to new realities  
since their behavior is influenced by external  
factors, which was evident in the context of  
the COVID-19 pandemic, by the information  
disseminated through the media and social  
networks when considered the most  
vulnerable group in addition to the  
confinement measures that were decreed  
and with the circulation of messages that  
were mostly not encouraging.  
From the position of other authors, it is  
proposed that thoughts can influence  
people's emotions since there is  
connection between mind and body  
Whetsell, Frederickson, Aguilera, & Moya,  
005).  
a
In addition, one of the characteristics of  
older adults is their obvious willingness to  
think of negative situations that could occur  
to them creating confusion unnecessarily  
emotionally and getting carried away by  
imagination and fantasy (Barrientos,  
Barquero, & García, 2018).  
(
2
According to this position they state that in  
difficult situations the mood and the way to  
assume these realities can influence  
thoughts and unconsciously generate fears  
in people that can affect their mental health.  
The bewilderment that has been created in  
society has been widespread by the massive  
spread of fake news that has circulated as  
fast as the virus. This proliferation of lies has  
caused alarm in the population and have  
Cardona, Segura, Muñoz, Jaramillo, Lizcano  
and Morales (2018) highlight: "It is difficult  
to understand and establish the factors that  
explain the reasons why some people,  
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managed to facilitate the path to infection  
UNESCO, 2020).  
questionnaire to investigate the perception  
of older adults around this topic.  
(
As a result of this misinformation, the mental  
health of older adults is jeopardized, making  
it necessary to create living conditions and  
environments that can promote the well-  
being of this generational group and in  
general of the entire population that feels  
the effects of misinformation.  
The qualitative approach to having the  
professional judgment of Manta journalists,  
through interviews of open questions about  
their experiences around the subject  
studied.  
For research, the need to take a sample  
through the proportion formula for finite  
populations was estimated, resulting in 281  
older adults from Manta. The sample type is  
probabilistic based on a simple random  
process.  
The analysis of this problem that most  
emphasizes older adults seeks to promote  
greater access to information detection  
tools of dubious provenance and that people  
can be aware of false content, being feasible  
this research, since it fulfills the purpose  
proposed and that allows to propose actions  
that can face this wave of misinformation  
that increases in emerging situations like the  
one, we are living.  
➢
Research participants  
The research participant population is adults  
over 65 years of age or older, for data  
collection that allowed to know the level of  
affectation of older adults with respect to  
false news messages in the context of the  
pandemic, based on their beliefs and  
prejudices  
2
. MATERIALS AND METHODS  
The research is based on a mixed approach,  
whose characteristic is exploratory –  
descriptive, in which the analysis unit  
focuses primarily on quantitativeity to know  
the influence of false news voice messages  
on the mental health of Manta's older  
adults, obtaining results through an online  
➢
Study area  
This study was conducted in the canton  
Manta, Manabí province, Ecuador.  
➢
Techniques employed  
The techniques used in this research are:  
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Survey, the applicability of which was  
3. RESULTS  
conducted through a virtual questionnaire  
on the Google platform.  
Table 1. Trust the tone of voice of messages  
It also includes interviews with a focus group  
of 3 journalism professionals, chosen for  
their experience in this field.  
Yes  
2
12  
75,4  
19,9  
75,4  
19,9  
75,4  
95,4  
No  
5
6
●
Mr. Cesar Piloso Mendoza, journalist  
He doesn't  
know.  
working at Radio Son de Manta.  
13  
4,6  
4,6  
100  
●
Mr. Vivian Mariuxi Zambrano Macías,  
Total  
281  
100  
100  
news announcer who worked the  
Newspaper El Telegrafo.  
Source: Seniors of the canton Manta 2020.  
●
Mr. Fernando Holguín Alvia,  
journalist of Televisión Manabita Canal  
0.  
Table 1 shows that 75.4% of respondents  
believe in voice messages that have spread  
over the pandemic, creating feelings of  
distress and insecurity.  
3
For the development of research, the  
materials used were as follows:  
Table 2. Influence of tone of voice on mood  
Computer, internet server, personal email  
account, digital surveys through links with a  
closed question questionnaire.  
Uncertainty  
Fear  
65  
17  
23.1  
6.0  
23.1  
6.0  
23.1  
29.2  
96.1  
100  
Access to database/emails from the study  
population.  
Distrust  
Other  
188  
11  
66.9  
3.9  
66.9  
3.9  
Statistical data  
The SPSS programme was used for the  
analysis of the data collected in the surveys.  
Total  
281  
100  
100  
Source: Seniors of the canton Manta 2020.  
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He's not  
As we can see there is no decay in your mood  
answering.  
4
1.4  
1.4  
100  
in the same proportion of the table above  
since only 48% says it affects you a lot  
compared to the 42% that affects you little  
and 10% that does not affect you.  
Total  
281  
100  
100  
Source: Seniors of the canton Manta 2020.  
In Table 4 we can show that a false message  
generates 42.7% concern and confusion at a  
similar value.  
Table 3. Affectations from the use of uns  
appropriate words in a message.  
Table 5. Results because he decides to believe in  
false news  
Uncertainty  
65  
23.1  
23.1  
23.1  
Fear  
17  
188  
11  
6.0  
66.9  
3.9  
6.0  
66.9  
3.9  
29.2  
96.1  
100  
Distrust  
Other  
Total  
Because it  
8
4
29.9  
5.0  
29.9  
5.0  
29.9  
34.9  
looks real  
281  
100  
100  
Custom  
14  
84  
Option to  
inform  
Source: Seniors of the canton Manta 2020.  
29.9  
29.9  
64.8  
65.5  
yourself  
Table 3 shows that the use of untruthful  
words in a news story results in mistrust in  
Believe in  
everything  
2
.7  
.7  
6
6.9% uncertainty at 23.1% and fear in 6% of  
Trust the  
source  
older adults.  
74  
26.3  
26.3  
91.8  
100  
Table 4. Emotions that generate a false message.  
23  
8.2  
8.2  
Other  
Total  
281  
100  
100  
Source: Seniors of the canton Manta 2020.  
Concern  
Suspicion  
Confusion  
120  
37  
42.7  
13.2  
42.7  
42.7  
13.2  
42.7  
42.7  
55.9  
98.6  
Table 5 shows that 29.9% of older adults  
decide to accept the negatives of a news  
story because it seems real, a similar  
120  
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Influence of fake news on older adults  
percentage consider it to be an option to  
Another highlight is the impact that speech  
tone has on the news, much more so when  
it comes to pandemic-related messages with  
testimonies that are very sensitive, because  
when a news story generates fear it is much  
easier to share.  
inform the other, while 26.3% mention that  
they believe because they trust the source.  
Individual interviews were conducted with a  
focus group of three communication experts  
working in local media on the impact of false  
news on the older adult population,  
concluding that it is clear that those over the  
age of 60 have more trouble recognizing  
false news and are therefore more  
vulnerable to falling into its effects.  
4
. DISCUSSION  
According to the argument put forward,  
according to which false news messages in  
the context of the pandemic had a negative  
impact on older adults, it is noted that there  
is an impact on the mental health of older  
adults, which is expressed through emotions  
such as concern, distress, confusion and  
insecurity, aspects that together can  
aggravate and affect physical and mental  
health, which coincides with recent studies  
that have been published on the subject that  
reaffirm the outcome of this research and  
emphasize that in the context of the  
pandemic emotions become the most  
Participants consider that older adults are  
usually unaware of how to check the veracity  
of information so they are more likely to  
believe in false content, since, by lacking  
skills in the management of social networks,  
the communication or information they  
access may be not truthful.  
Journalists describe the existence of a  
general knowledge on the part of the public  
of how to access reliable sources of  
information, in addition to being a new topic  
in which most of the population is not an  
expert, which makes it easier for them to  
believe in what they hear, share it without  
analyzing it critically and without considering  
the official means, legally established and  
therefore reliable to truthful information.  
contagious  
human  
component,much  
morethan any virus. (Ramírez, Misol, Alonso,  
& Tizón, 2020). There is also other data that  
mention that while the use of social  
networks, may be beneficial in achieving a  
solution to this problem, the use of these can  
influence people's health by the negative  
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content that is disseminated. (Tala &  
Vasquez, 2020).  
prefer to ignore the message if the structure  
is not adequate, at their discretion.  
However, we should mention that research  
in this area is not very broad because it is an  
Other perceptions show that false news  
creates mistrust and suspicion about the  
content that spreads.  
under-experienced  
situation  
that  
complements fundamental aspects on the  
one hand the pandemic, the strict  
confinement measures taken and the  
conditions of vulnerability of older adults.  
Some aspects revealed by our study refer to  
the false message being assimilated for  
several reasons, with the highest percentage  
in the population surveyed the options  
related to: believing in the source, it seems  
real and because it is an option to inform  
yourself.  
Another aspect that is considered  
fundamental the tone of voice, which  
negatively influences older adults, results  
that are consistent with what is stated by  
Berry (2019) and González (2006) that refer  
to the importance of an adequate tone of  
voice in the way of communicating and even  
more in the dissemination of news.  
5. CONCLUSIONS  
The results of this research determine the  
affectation in the mental health of Manta's  
older adults that manifests itself through  
concern, distress and insecurity, emotions  
that are influenced by voice messages of  
news not veraces disseminated in this health  
emergency.  
Other emotions such as uncertainty, fear  
and mistrust are evident in the results  
obtained in aspects related to the use of  
exaggerated or unreel truthful words in a  
message, which shows the perception that  
can be given to these contents that added to  
other situations can also generate with less  
percentage feelings of anger or anger.  
Other effects caused by the use of us  
appropriate words on the spread of  
untruthful voice messages affecting older  
adults were identified creating mistrust,  
uncertainty, fear and suspicion.  
We can also review the existence of a certain  
degree of scepticism as to the structure of  
the news among 51% of the population who  
It was established that older adults are likely  
to believe in these contents due to the  
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Influence of fake news on older adults  
confinement measures to which they have  
protecting the most vulnerable actors of  
COVID-19, such as older adults.  
been exposed. However, it should be noted  
that there is some degree of difficulty in  
defining emotions as they vary from one  
response to another.  
We must reaffirm the importance of keeping  
us informed, but also of verifying the content  
of messages that, because they are not  
truthful, can have negative impacts on  
society and especially older adults who have  
expressed the risks they pose in their mental  
health that are also related to their stance in  
the face of discernment of the truthful and  
the harmful.  
In other words, while there is an impact on  
mental health, there is also a considerable  
degree of perception of the false contents  
that are disseminated, which represents a  
great social commitment not to viralize  
these contents.  
The most important limitation is that the  
survey only covered older adults with access  
to technology media and social media,  
leaving a gap to be investigated in terms of  
other older adults without access to these  
technologies.  
It is further recommended that before  
sharing voice messages of dubious  
provenance we must first do an internet  
search of the facts or corroborate the  
information on reliable news sites to identify  
the source of the news.  
In addition, we might suggest covering this  
phenomenon from the psychological realm,  
There must also be a commitment by the  
media to contrast the false content  
disseminated by social networks.  
Compliance with national public control and  
sanction policies should be standard for  
those who produce and share fake news that  
includes not only the media but also social  
media. But the most important thing is a  
personal decision to raise awareness of how  
much damage we can do by sharing this kind  
of news.  
as emotions have  
a very important  
subjective component. One aspect not  
included in this study is the economic and  
social aspect of older adults in the context of  
the pandemic.  
It is also transcendental to generate an  
adequate information culture or in this case  
further strengthen the methods of  
101  
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Menéndez-Zambrano (2021)  
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