Revista Científica y Arbitrada de Ciencias Sociales y Trabajo Social ‘‘Tejedora’’: Vol. 4 (Núm. 7) (ene-jun 2021). ISSN: 2697-3626

Intrafamily violence and Covid-19 confinement in 14 housing sets “Casa para todos” of Manabí, year 2020

INTRAFAMILY VIOLENCE AND COVID-19 CONFINEMENT IN 14 HOUSING SETS “CASA

PARA TODOS” OF MANABÍ, YEAR 2020

VIOLENCIA INTRAFAMILIAR Y CONFINAMIENTO POR COVID-19 EN 14 CONJUNTOS

HABITACIONALES “CASA PARA TODOS” DE MANABÍ AÑO 2020

Vera-Ibarra Emilia¹

Chávez-Intriago Mariela

2

1

Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí. Manta, Ecuador. emivera1494@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/000-0002-5020-4293

Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí. Manta, Ecuador. mariela.ch134@gmail.com

2

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2893-1686

ABSTRACT:

The objective of the applied study is to identify the causes of intra-family violence due to house confinement by

Covid-19 in the homes of families in the Casa para Todos housing complexes, to which a study was applied under

the mixed, which was carried out by on top of the information gathering, finding certainties and dissecting

phenomena, with a level of descriptive and bibliographic research, for this the population under study were 324

families, and two professionals in the area of Social Work to know their intervention from their professional act To

whom a survey and interview data collected and entered into the SPSS program was applied, which determined the

correlation of the study variables, where it was obtained as results that the actions that generate intra-family

violence, confinement by Covid-19, increases the intolerance, inability to solve problems, which leads to consuming

alcohol or drugs, this s e produced by the lack of rules in the home, lack of spaces for dialogue and even due to the

economic situation due to the trigger for the untimely dismissals that affected several families, the lack of economic

resources can generate indications of violence or conflicts within their homes, where there are violent actions that

can suffer physical, emotional, and psychological damage, focused on having self-esteem problems, an increase in

the alteration of the emotional state.

Keywords: Domestic violence, families, conflicts, effects, typologies, confinement.

RESUMEN:

El objetivo de estudio aplicado pretende identificar las causas de la violencia intrafamiliar debido al confinamiento

domiciliario por el Covid-19 en los hogares de las familias en los conjuntos habitacionales Casa para Todos, a esto se

aplicó un estudio bajo la mixta, que se ejecutó por encima de la recopilación de información, encontrando certezas

y diseccionando fenómenos, con un nivel de investigación descriptiva y bibliográfica, para ello la población objeto

de estudio fueron 324 familias, y dos profesionales en el área de Trabajo Social para conocer su intervención desde

su acto profesional a quienes se les aplico una encuesta y entrevista datos recopilados e ingresados al programa

SPSS el cual determinó la correlación de las variables de estudio, donde se obtuvo como resultados que las acciones

que generan la violencia intrafamiliar, el confinamiento por el Covid-19, incrementa la intolerancia, incapacidad de

resolver problemas, que conlleva a consumir alcohol o drogas, esto se produce por la falta de reglas en el hogar,

carencia de espacios de diálogo e incluso por motivo de la situación económica debido al detonante de los despidos

intempestivos que afectaron a varias familias, la falta recursos económicos puede generar indicios de violencia o

conflictos dentro de sus hogares, donde existen acciones violentas que pueden sufrir daños físicos, emocionales,

psíquicos, enfocados a tener problemas de autoestima, un incremento en la alteración del estado emocional.

Palabras clave: Violencia intrafamiliar, familias, conflictos, efectos, tipologías, confinamiento.

Recibido: 28 de septiembre de 2020; Aceptado: 04 de enero de 2021; Publicado: 08 de enero de 2021.

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1

. INTRODUCTION

Currently, the fundamental problems that

affect the health conditions of the world's

population are, without a doubt, domestic

violence, which manifests itself in a direct

mistreatment of children, adolescents,

women, people with disabilities and the

elderly. This is a psychosocial phenomenon

that is known due to several factors that

influence the family environment.

aggressor is a woman", refers to family

violence as being caused by several factors,

including intolerance when people are not

educated to tolerate or accept the refusals

of another person and end up being violent

towards them.

Guerrero (2020), in the article published in

the UNAM's Journal for the Popularization of

Science, with the theme "Abuse: Everyday

Violence", refers to the fact that the family

should be considered as a space for the daily

multiplication of the broadest and most

varied social relationships, in which violence,

as a method of domination and control,

could not be clarified without the socio-

cultural resistance of gender violence,

despite the significant changes in the

promulgation and recognition of human

rights.

Mayor & Salazar (2019), mention that the

levels of domestic violence are extensive and

increase over the years where it is known

that the characteristic of domestic violence

is its multi-causality, where several factors

produce similar effects for being part of our

daily life and occupy a fundamental place in

the life of man today

In Ecuador, the Ministry of Public Health

states that "of every 100,000 inhabitants,

5

3.58% are victims of violence and abuse.

Social problems such as domestic violence

are a regrettable situation that, despite the

fact that efforts have been made to prevent

it or to lower the statistical indexes through

the years, have increased during the

obligatory quarantine due to the COVID-19.

The increase in the abuse of women is

worrying, because it is a present reality, as

shown by the reports made by the Women's

While the National Directorate of Gender

indicates that in 2018 114,324 complaints

were received from women victims of

violence" (Ombudsman's Office, (2019).

Discussing the causes of domestic violence

Flores (2016), in his study entitled "Effects of

domestic violence on men when the

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Intrafamily violence and Covid-19 confinement in 14 housing sets “Casa para todos” of Manabí, year 2020

Observatory, an entity of help such as the

Ecu 911. Without a doubt the existence of

violent acts in the family nucleus transcends

in the integral development of the family,

where the social distancing to which the

sanitary emergency has exposed us for some

families has created situations of risk,

because the overcrowding, the economic

impact, the own personality of the members

of the family are detonating factors of

violence.

providing vital support during the pandemic.

There could be funding challenges, staffing

shortages and increased demand for their

assistance.

Violence against women tends to increase in

any type of emergency, including epidemics,

however the probability of being exposed to

more risks and having more needs is greater

in older or disabled women, there are some

common

characteristics

and

some

differentials between violence against

children and adolescents, in the couple, and

against older people that can cause

domestic violence in case of confinement by

Covid 19, where Jhumka (2020) mentions, in

a publication made about "What does the

coronavirus mean for violence against

women?" that displaced women, refugee

women, and women living in conflict-

affected areas are particularly vulnerable.

The effects of Covid-19 have made

inequalities in the world, including gender

inequalities, even more evident. For many

women and girls, domestic violence is a

threat that is exacerbated in these times of

social isolation. It is not easy in this context

of confinement to reach households with

information on these issues since they

involve the privacy of the home, however,

different paths are being found.

Stress, disruption of social networks, not

feeling protected, and decreased access to

services can increase the risk of violence

against women.

United Nations (2020) in its Call for

Presentations about "COVID-19 and the rise

of domestic violence against women",

affirms that the impact of self-isolation will

also have a direct impact on specialized

services, which are already operating in an

extremely challenging funding climate, and

will be concerned about how to continue

As distancing measures are implemented

and people are required to stay home, the

risk of relationship violence is likely to

increase.

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Women may have less contact with family

and friends who could support and protect

them from violence because of increased

work at home during the current pandemic.

Closing schools adds to this burden and

places additional stress on them. (PAHO,

The object of the study is to investigate

domestic violence caused by the

confinement of Covid-19 of the 14 housing

sets "Casa para Todos” (housing for

everyone) in the province of Manabí, which

will allow the diagnosis of this problem with

its different shades of aggressiveness,

frequency, typologies that will outline

2

020)

Likewise, Godin (2020) affirms that

perpetrators of abuse can use the

restrictions put in place by COVID-19 to gain

power and control over their peers in order

to reduce further their access to assistance

services and psychosocial support from both

formal and informal networks.

common

characteristics

and

some

differentials between violence against

children, adolescents, in the couple and

against the elders, and to demonstrate the

high rate of violence in the homes, which will

provide information on a socio-cultural

problem that affects families proportionally,

which requires action and attention from all

state actors and civil society to prevent it,

attend to it, punish it and eradicate it.

In reference to the reality that Ecuador is

experiencing, Gonzalez (2020), in

a

communiqué on "What to do in the face of

gender and domestic violence during the

emergency", mentions that there are more

cases, but fewer denunciations regarding

the confinement that is currently being

experienced by Covid 19, where the reality

of gender violence and domestic violence

during isolation by the coronavirus has

exposed several victims and perpetrators

who live together 24 hours a day, which

makes the victims more vulnerable and the

aggressors more unpunished.

Due to the high index of the problematic that

exists at the present time, the fact that the

professionals in Social Work know which are

the causes of the violence or limitations that

exist within the family circle could change

this social problem. The research will

provide statistical studies on the current

social reality of domestic violence due to the

confinement from the sanitary emergency

caused by the Covid-19, so the authorities

can develop local or state regulations or

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Intrafamily violence and Covid-19 confinement in 14 housing sets “Casa para todos” of Manabí, year 2020

ordinances more severe in the prevention of

domestic violence.

2. METHODOLOGY

The research was applied under the

qualitative and quantitative modality, which

was executed above the collection of

information, finding certainties and

dissecting phenomena, emphasizing its

clarification, in a constant search of

activities, in that way, Aguilar (2015),

exposes that each specific problem cannot

be raised and thought of in an effective way

in case it is not in its unique situation, and

the establishment of these problems must

be raised progressively in the environment,

to specify situations and events, that is to

say, how it is and how the domestic violence

manifests itself.

The international and national statistics

reflect in studies carried out by the different

institutions in charge of being observers of

this problem that there is a rebound both

local and provincial, with the present study

we intend to demonstrate that domestic

violence can be increased due to

confinement.

The study is carried out through the

qualitative and quantitative methodology

with a descriptive approach in the "Casa Para

Todos" housing complexes.

In order to achieve the stratification of the

research, the general objective is

established, which is to: Identify the causes

of domestic violence due to the confinement

by Covid-19 in the homes of the families in

the "Casa para Todos" housing complexes.

Nonetheless, the specific objectives are: To

identify the factors that cause domestic

violence in homes in the Manabí housing

complexes; to verify the types of conflicts

that originate in homes in the Manabí

housing complexes; and finally, to describe

the effects that domestic violence produces

in families

For the execution of the research, we

applied the descriptive level in which the

author Jimenez (2012), defines: descriptive

research is considered as the type of

investigation to describe in a systematic way

the characteristics of a population, situation

or area of interest.

It was applied the method of bibliographic

research that determined the compilation of

the theoretical / literary information, it was

made the application of the analytical

method by the general description of a

reality to make the distinction, knowledge

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and classification of its essential elements

and the relations between them, besides the

synthetic method that starts from the

factors that cause domestic violence within

the households of the housing complexes in

Manabí, which could be verified within the

following tables.

knowledge

of

the

essential

and

indispensable elements of a reality and the

relations that link them to try to reach a

general and simplified knowledge of this

reality considered as a whole.

Table 1. Factors that cause domestic violence

due to COVID-19 home confinement

The population under study was 2072

families living in 14 housing sets of "Casa

Para Todos" in Manabí, where the type of

simple probability sampling was applied to

determine the exact number to which the

instruments were applied, giving a total of

1

8 to 25

6

6,2% 33,8%

0%

years

2

years

35 to 50

years

More

than 50

years

5 to 35

0% 37,6% 31,2% 31,2%

0

%

0%

53,4%

0%

46,6%

0%

100%

3

24 families to be surveyed. Two

TOTAL

15,7% 24,4% 13,6% 28,1% 18,2%

professionals in the area of Social Work were

also interviewed to learn about their

intervention from their professional field.

1

00% of the people surveyed over 50 years

old say that one of the factors that causes

domestic violence is the confinement due to

the Covid-19, while 66.2% of the people

surveyed between 18 and 25 years old say

that one of the factors is intolerance, 53.4%

between 35 and 50 years old say that

another factor is the inability to solve

problems and 46.6% mention that another

factor is the abuse of alcohol or drugs.

To carry out the analysis of the data, the

SPSS program was used, which will

determine the correlation of the study

variables, which will allow to determine the

stratification of the obtained results.

3

. RESULTS

It was possible to establish the data, within

the collection of information in order to

comply with the objective of identifying the

However, the professionals interviewed

state that among the factors that can

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Intrafamily violence and Covid-19 confinement in 14 housing sets “Casa para todos” of Manabí, year 2020

generate domestic violence in the families of

the 14 "Casa Para Todos" housing complexes

in the province of Manabí in 2020, it can

occur due to lack of work, lack of rules in the

home, lack of spaces for dialogue,

alcoholism, drug addiction, and even

because of the economic situation and sexist

behavior.

It can be seen that 100% of people surveyed

between the ages of 25 and more than 50

say that one typology can be the lack of

economic resources, which can generate

signs of violence or conflict inside their

homes, however 90.9% between the ages of

18 and 25 say that another typology can be

the emotional state of people, and 24.8%

between the ages of 25 and 35 mention that

exercising physical power is another

typology that gives signs of conflict or

domestic violence.

Consequently, the results that contribute to

the verification of the objective are

presented, verifying the typologies of

conflicts that originate within the

households of the housing complexes of

Manabí, which are presented in the

following table.

Despite this, the professionals in charge of

the attention to the housing complexes

affirm that within the typologies of domestic

violence that is presented in a home where

some type of confrontation has not been

witnessed before, could be the cause of the

confinement that has caused the COVID 19

which has caused situations of stress and

anxiety in the families generating domestic

violence, and what the population in general

is suffering, likewise by not having clear

limits or rules making the crises appear at

home, as it is common the conflicts between

couples, between parents and children,

siblings, sometimes with the elders. In

addition, external problems, having

Table 2. Typologies that originate conflicts

inside their homes

1

8 to 25

years

5 to 35

years

5 to 50

9

0,9% 9,1%

,0%

2

,

0%

5,7% 24,8% 69,5%

3

,0%

100%

years

More than

5

0 years

TOTAL

21,6% 4,6% 10,8% 63,0%

problems

in

terms

of

economic

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discrimination,

poor

communication,

psychological damage, while 100% of those

over 50 years of age affirm that one effect is

to suffer from self-esteem problems,

meanwhile 94.3% between the ages of 25

and 35 also affirm that the effect it can have

is to suffer physical, emotional and

psychological damage and finally 68.2%

between the ages of 35 and 50 mention

again that one effect is to suffer from self-

esteem problems.

emotional conflicts, internal conflicts of a

person, arrogance, perceptions that are not

correct and the execution of power increase

the rates of domestic violence.

It is established as a last parameter of

verification based on the objective to

describe the effects produced by domestic

violence in the families, for which the

collection of information is presented within

the following tables and results of the

interviews.

Although, the professionals in charge of the

attention in the Housing Complexes affirm

that the effects produced by the violence of

a man to a woman within the family nucleus

is the alteration of the emotional state of

both the aggressor and the children, in the

same way the separation of the members,

Table 3. Effects of domestic violence on families.

Suffer

Inability to

establish or

maintain

emotional

relationships.

physical,

emotional,

and

psychological

damage.

Suffer

self-

esteem

problems.

1

8 to 25

years

5 to 35

years

5 to 50

distrust,

physical,

emotional

and

1

00,0%

4,3%

0%

,0%

64,8%

,0%

5,7%

31,8%

,0%

psychological sequels, the development of

the children is harmed generating the

incapacity to maintain or establish affective

relations, fear, lack of autonomy, low self-

esteem, loss of respect and confidence.

2

9

3

,

68,2%

years

More

than 50

years

TOTAL

,0%

100,0%

11,1%

24,1%

4

. DISCUSSION

It can be observed that 100% of the people

surveyed between the ages of 18 and 25

mention that the effects of domestic

violence is suffering physical, emotional and

It was possible to identify the factors that

cause domestic violence inside the homes of

the Manabí housing complexes, where the

people surveyed said that some of the

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factors are confinement, intolerance,

inability to solve problems, and alcohol or

drug use, these are factors that cause

domestic violence. Consequently, in the

interviews applied to professionals in the

area of Social Work, they state that the lack

of work, lack of rules in the home, lack of

spaces for dialogue, alcoholism, drug

addiction, and even because of the

economic situation and having macho

behavior are the primary factors that trigger

some type of violence.

among the typologies, the most frequent is

the lack of economic resources, which can

generate signs of violence or conflicts inside

their homes, In the same way, the

professionals in charge of the attention to

the housing complexes affirm that they have

witnessed before several types of

confrontations originated because of the

confinement that has caused the COVID 19

which has led to situations of stress and

anxiety in the families, in same manner, by

not having limits, clear rules, the

paranormative and normative crises appear

in the home as it is common the conflicts

between couples, between parents and

children.

However, Flores (2016) mentions that the

factors that cause domestic violence are

motivated by intolerance, or when people

are not educated to tolerate or accept

differences in ideas, as well as the lack of

impulse control, when there is not a good

development of emotional ties. Thus Nazara,

Salvatierra & Salazar (2018) assert that

violence can manifest itself through

biological, psychological factors in the

particular environment or social factors such

as the intergenerational transmission of

violence.

According to Jhumka (2020), women who

are displaced, refugees and those living in

conflict-affected areas are particularly

vulnerable, though, with typologies such as

stress, economic problems, increased

disruption and protection, and reduced

access to services, these can increase the risk

of violence. As distancing measures are

implemented and people are asked to stay at

home, the risk of violence is likely to

increase.

Consequently, it was possible to verify the

typologies of conflicts that originate inside

the homes of the housing complexes in

Manabí. The survey applied showed that

It is necessary to expose that within the

typologies that are presented they can

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increase due to the confinement, where the

sexes over children, the rich over the poor

and in general the strong over the weak.

stress by the economic lack of income can

cause discontent and to orient its

preoccupation in more not understandable

violent characteristics, same that affect

directly to the women.

To this it can be established that within the

effects that can generate the domestic

violence as far as the relation that is had with

the confinement due to the Covid 19, several

inductive characteristics exist as it is to have

a diffusion of the family, the distance of its

members in the behavior or mental attitudes

presented directly in psychophysical,

psychosocial, specific, and generic or general

problems.

It was possible to describe the effects that

domestic violence produces in the families,

where the people surveyed affirm that they

can suffer physical, emotional and psychic

damages and maintain problems of self-

esteem, establishing that when domestic

violence exists it can affect the social,

educational or experiential development of

their children, Likewise, the professionals in

charge of the care in the Housing Complexes,

affirm that the effects produced by domestic

violence, is the alteration of the emotional

state, distrust, physical, emotional and

psychological sequels, that harm the

development of the children generating the

incapacity to maintain or to establish

affective relations, and even to have a loss of

respect and confidence.

5. CONCLUSIONS

As a conclusion, it was possible to identify

several causes of domestic violence due to

the domiciliary confinement by Covid-19 in

the homes of the families in the "Casa para

Todos" housing complexes. Several actions

that generate domestic violence were

presented, having as an affinity the

transformation of persons with a conscience

into aggressors that can cause physical,

psychological, sexual, economic or social

harm. These are the most relevant aspects

that contribute to the verification of the

general objective of this study.

Consequently, Álava & Veliz (2016) state that

violence in any of its forms is, without a

doubt, the crudest expression of the exercise

of power, men over women, adults of both

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It was possible to know that the factors that

cause violence are intolerance, inability to

solve problems, which can lead to the

consumption of alcohol or drugs, this is

produced by the lack of rules at home, lack

of spaces for dialogue and even because of

the economic situation due to the trigger of

untimely dismissals that affected several

families, acts or consequences that lead to

generate pressure, generating discomfort

within the family nucleus.

can suffer physical, emotional, psychic

damages, that would lead in the future to

have problems of self-esteem, an increase in

the alteration of the emotional state,

distrust,

physical,

emotional

and

psychological sequels, same that can be

aggravated when having a diffusion of the

family, the distance of its members in the

behavior or mental attitudes.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Appreciation is extended to each of the

families that make up the 14 housing

complexes "Casa Para Todos" in the province

of Manabí for facilitating this investigation,

as well as to the professionals who, from

their experience, have made known the

reality of this problem such as domestic

violence in times of pandemic. This is

important information that should be

considered for the implementation and

execution of programs that allow the

eradication of domestic violence and

mitigate the damage caused to the members

of these families.

Regarding the fulfillment of the objective

about the typologies of conflicts that are

originated inside the homes of the housing

complexes, it is recognized that the lack of

economic resources can generate signs of

violence or conflicts inside their homes,

because it affects the emotional state, or

because of the confinement that has caused

the COVID 19, generating symptoms of

stress and anxiety, having the appearance of

paranormative and normative crises,

typologies that are closely directed to the

concern that are presented in violent

features.

Evidently there is another reach of the

objective that refers to the effects that

domestic violence produces in the families,

showing that when violent actions exist they

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