Revista Científica de Educación Superior y Gobernanza Interuniversitaria Aula 24 - ISSN: 2953-660X

Secondary Victimization as a Structural Component in the Reproduction of Injustices that Generate Violence within the Administration of Justice

Lety Karolina Nájera Galeas — 2025-08-06

El presente artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar las formas de injusticias que se producen a partir de evidenciar la manera en cómo se vulneran derechos de las mujeres que han sido víctimas de violencia de género al interactuar con el sistema judicial en Riobamba, específicamente en la Unidad Judicial de Violencia contra la Mujer y Miembros del Núcleo Familiar. Tal vulneración es fomentada por las actitudes y comportamientos de los funcionarios/funcionarias judiciales, las cuales son tanto causa como consecuencia del desgaste profesional, conocido como Síndrome de Burnout, que resulta en actitudes revictimizantes hacia estas mujeres. Como sabemos, la violencia de género es un fenómeno estructural que, según el feminismo, se origina en un sistema patriarcal que subyuga a todas las mujeres y cuerpos feminizados. Se responde a la siguiente pregunta de investigación: ¿De qué manera se produce la victimización secundaria y revictimización hacia las mujeres víctimas de violencia de género en la Unidad de Violencia Intrafamiliar de Riobamba?

En este artículo académico se presenta un acercamiento a los resultados obtenidos a partir de la aplicación de encuestas, ilustrando los hallazgos a través de ciertas tablas, el rastreo de respuestas y el desarrollo investigativo. La metodología utilizada para el desarrollo de este estudio es cualitativa y cuantitativa, basada en dos encuestas.

La primera se aplicó utilizando el cuestionario de Burnout de Cristian Miravalles, el cual fue respondido por 35 funcionarios públicos de la Unidad Judicial y la Defensoría Pública de Riobamba mediante encuestas electrónicas.

El segundo cuestionario se diseñó a partir de la escala SAMANTO, enfocándose en la revictimización, un concepto común en la psicología jurídica y la victimología, cuya investigación y medición son de considerable importancia científica y social. Es fundamental desarrollar instrumentos que midan actitudes revictimizantes, dado que actualmente no existe suficiente literatura ni estrategias de medición en este ámbito. En consecuencia, se creó la “Escala SAMANTO”, basada en la teoría de la actitud, que abarca tres componentes: 1) componente cognitivo, 2) componente afectivo y 3) componente conativo o comportamental. Esta escala tiene como objetivo evaluar las actitudes revictimizantes de los operadores judiciales y se fundamenta en una escala Likert de cuatro puntos. La aplicación de esta escala se realizó con 11 funcionarios de la Unidad Judicial de Violencia de Riobamba, incluyendo médicos, trabajadores sociales, psicólogos y abogados. Complementariamente, se llevó a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de artículos y estudios relacionados, además de un análisis doctrinal y jurisprudencial sobre la victimización secundaria y la revictimización. Para el análisis de resultados se utiliza la perspectiva interseccional, así como teorías feministas que dan luz sobre las formas estructurales de la violencia de género.

Rumiñahui as a Symbol of Anticolonial Resistance: Historical Reconstruction and Resignification in the Ecuadorian Collective Memory

Josué Daniel Clery Aguirre — 2025-08-06

This article aims to analyze the figure of Rumiñahui, the Incan Indigenous leader, as a symbol of anticolonial resistance in Ecuadorian collective memory. Through a qualitative and documentary approach, it reconstructs historical, symbolic, and cultural representations of Rumiñahui, from colonial chronicles to contemporary Indigenous narratives.

It highlights how his image has been appropriated by both official state discourse and Indigenous movements, generating tensions between institutionalized memory and ancestral remembrance. The spiritual, pedagogical, and political dimensions of his legacy are also emphasized, as well as the symbolic role of Atahualpa’s treasure as a metaphor for knowledge and dignity preserved in the face of colonial plunder.

The study concludes that re-signifying Rumiñahui from a critical and intercultural perspective allows for the democratization of national history, the visibility of subaltern memories, and the strengthening of Ecuador's plurinational identity.

Right to Tax Exemption for Older Adults: The Case of the Property and Commercial Registry

Bryan Israel Chalan Pelaez — 2025-08-06

This article analyzes the right to tax exemption for older adults in Ecuador, from a socio-legal perspective focused on the Limón Indanza canton. Despite constitutional and legal mandates guaranteeing tax benefits for this priority group—such as those established in Article 37 of the Constitution and the Organic Law for Older Adults—there is, in practice, a lack of regulatory harmonization at the local level.

The study reveals that the Ordinance of the Property and Commercial Registry of the canton omits provisions exempting older adults from the payment of fees, thereby violating their rights and worsening their economic situation. It concludes that this omission reflects a gap between the national legal framework and local regulations, compromising the effective exercise of rights. The article calls for an urgent review of municipal ordinances to ensure tax justice and inclusion.

Biological Sex as a Political Issue: Analysis of the Health Care Protocol for Intersex Newborns in Ecuador

Cristian Vinicio Robalino Cáceres — 2025-08-06

This article explores how, from the consolidation of power and the exercise of domination by the State, a truth has been constructed (a relationship of power and knowledge) related to biological sex. This truth has been materialized in a situated manner within the bodies of intersex babies or those defined by medicine as "Disorders of Sexual Development" (DSD). In other words, it pertains to births that differ from the traditional categories of male and female. These bodies exhibit natural variations in biological sex, and are often referred to as "ambiguous sex (DSD)", and are usually subjected to irreversible surgical interventions aimed at "correcting" their variation to the notions of normalcy promoted by the medical-legal system, seeking to have them recognized as persons with social status and rights. The research is qualitative, based on a bibliographical review and specialized literature. Additionally, its analysis focuses on the "Protocol for the Care of People with Sexual Development Disorders," issued by the Ecuadorian Ministry of Public Health in 2017. This protocol presents various aspects, and its study adopts a situated and contextualized methodology, utilizing an intersectional approach and ethnography. The ethnographic work included collaborating with Axel, an intersex activist who participated in the development of the protocol.

Among the main findings, it is noted that, since 1950, medicine and law have articulated and consolidated the idea that certain bodies are "abnormal," which has led to medicalization and intervention in intersex babies. Another relevant finding is that the protocol is currently no longer in force, meaning that the births of intersex babies continue to be subjected to mutilating and irreversible interventions without an updated regulatory framework.

Assisted Reproductive Methods in Ecuador: A Comparative Legal Analysis

Denisse Michelle Moreira Cedeño — 2025-08-06

This article was developed with the objective of analyzing the regulatory framework for assisted reproductive methods in the international context, compared to Ecuadorian legislation. To achieve this, the methodology consisted of a descriptive type of research with a qualitative approach, employing the technique of bibliographic-documentary review. The results reveal that legislations in countries such as Spain, the United States, and the United Kingdom have made significant progress in regulating assisted reproductive techniques, establishing regulations that ensure informed consent, regulate parentage, and protect the welfare of children. In Spain, Law 14/2006 guarantees the gratuity of procedures and prohibits commercialization, while in the United Kingdom, the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act protects the right of individuals conceived through these methods to know their genetic identity. In the United States, the Uniform Parentage Act and the California Family Code enable the resolution of parentage disputes and ensure legal security. In contrast, the Ecuadorian regulatory framework presents significant legal gaps, especially in cases such as surrogacy, the ROPA technique, and post-mortem conceptions, leaving the parties involved without legal protection. It is concluded that Ecuador must adapt its legislation to include clear provisions regulating these techniques. This involves ensuring parentage based on procreational intent, respecting family diversity, and prioritizing the best interests of the child. Incorporating these regulations will promote an inclusive legal framework that addresses scientific advancements and ensures equity in access to assisted reproduction.

Semi-open regime and its impact on citizen security

Teófilo Alberto Castro Valle — 2025-08-06

The high-value scientific article examines the various amendments to the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code (also known as COIP) and the Regulations of the National Social Rehabilitation System (RSNRS) in relation to the semi-open regime from its introduction to the present date, considering that, in Ecuador, the social rehabilitation system aims to gradually reintegrate persons deprived of liberty (PPL) into society, using three regimes: closed, semi-open and open. The analysis focuses on the provisions of Article 113 of the Organic Law Reforming the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code, which adds a subsection to Article 698 of the COIP that establishes restrictions on persons deprived of liberty who are serving sentences for the following crimes: murder, femicide, contract killings, crimes against integrity and personal liberty resulting in death, robbery resulting in death, crimes against sexual and reproductive integrity, trafficking in persons and smuggling of migrants, crimes of violence against women or members of the nuclear family, bribery, extortion, embezzlement, illicit enrichment, money laundering, unjustified private enrichment, crimes of illicit trafficking of scheduled substances subject to high and large scale control, terrorism, organized crime, cattle rustling resulting in death and serious violations of human rights and crimes against international humanitarian law (National Assembly, 2021)

The Constitutional Court, in Judgment 69-21-IN/23, states that persons who have been sentenced for any of the aforementioned crimes, regardless of the penalty imposed, cannot benefit from the semi-open regime and must serve the entire sentence imposed by default. The Court stated that the distinction pursues a constitutionally legitimate purpose, related to the prevention of serious crimes, human security and peaceful coexistence, and concluded that it is reasonable and proportionate in relation to the legitimate aims pursued. In addition, it indicated that this is framed within the margins of legislative configuration in criminal matters and, therefore, is not contrary to the principle of equality and non-discrimination. (JUDGMENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT, 2023) Emphasizing that this "does not imply a regression in the rights of people deprived of liberty to access a social rehabilitation system, to receive dignified treatment, to benefit from public policies and plans to achieve comprehensive rehabilitation and reintegrate into society."

Impact of informal employment on the establishment of alimony

Stephanie Michelle Centeno Solórzano — 2025-08-06

The objective of this research is to analyze the impact that informal employment has on the establishment of alimony. The methodology used had a qualitative-quantitative approach with a non-experimental, exploratory, descriptive and bibliographical scope; through which surveys were applied as a data collection method through the Likert scale to understand in-depth perspectives, experiences and contexts on the impact of informal employment on the establishment of alimony. By using the research technique, the respective analysis of the results obtained was carried out, determining the impact of the informal labor sector on the financial capacity of alimony demands, which demonstrated the importance of regulating compliance with the legal obligations demanded to protect the right of minors to receive the necessary resources to cover their basic needs, such as food, housing, education and health, which are established in the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador 2008, articulated for the benefit of children, girls and adolescents for their stage of growth and development, therefore, their parents have the duty to comply with them through the payment of alimony.

Compliance with legal duty as a cause for exclusion of anti-legality

Aarón Harvey Coronel Bermeo — 2025-08-06

The article analyzed compliance with legal duty as a cause for the exclusion of illegality in the Ecuadorian prison, considering its incorporation in the reform of the Comprehensive Organic Criminal Code of 2019. It was identified how this legal figure provided regulatory support to the officials in charge of order and control, preventing their actions from being penalized by law in the exercise of their functions. The study aimed to evaluate its application and scope in the criminal framework. A qualitative approach was used with an exegetical method, based on normative, doctrinal and jurisprudential analysis, complemented with interviews with legal professionals and members of law enforcement agencies. It was concluded that this cause made it possible to guarantee the legal security of officials, although its application required clear limits to avoid abuses. In addition, the latest criminal reforms of 2024 were addressed, which strengthened legislation on serious crimes and citizen security.

Statutes of limitations as a legal boundary to legal action in Civil Law

Pablo Eloy Yoza Choez — 2025-08-06

Prescription is an institution within Civil Law that enables the acquisition or extinction of real rights by the passage of time and the fulfillment of legal requirements. Acquisitive prescription legitimizes the consolidation of ownership and other real rights through continuous exercise, while extinctive prescription penalizes the prolonged inaction of the holder, resulting in the loss of the right.

This article provides a systematic examination of the legal foundations underlying the forms of prescription, with particular emphasis on their application to real rights. It contrasts doctrinal interpretations with Ecuadorian legislation and incorporates a comparative analysis of foreign legal systems to identify relevant similarities and differences.

When tax collection crosses the line: a case study on exit ban measures imposed by the National Tax Administration without prior judicial order

Héctor Eduardo Rangel Urdaneta — 2025-08-06

This case study examines the practice of the Internal Revenue Service (SRI) of Ecuador in imposing and maintaining precautionary measures that prohibit leaving the country without judicial authorization in coercive collection procedures initiated before 2022. The development of the article reveals that this administrative action violates the constitutional right to freedom of movement and legal certainty, challenging constitutional supremacy and generating legal risks at both national and international levels. Through the analysis of a specific case and the formal response of the SRI, the absence of judicial oversight and insufficient legal justification are confirmed. It is concluded that these measures should be reviewed and lifted ex officio, promoting internal guidelines that ensure proportionality, transparency, and respect for human rights. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the need to strengthen constitutional rights training for tax officials and to encourage academic debate on the balance between revenue collection efficiency and constitutional guarantees, to advance toward a more robust Constitutional State.

University social responsibility. An experience for the development of the territory in Ecuador

Claudia Alexandra Zambrano-Yépez — 2025-08-06

This article aims to share the experience of the Universidad Laica Eloy Alfaro de Manabí, in the implementation of a project of linkage with society conceived as a practice of University Social Responsibility that generates social transformation for the development of its territory. The theoretical methods that govern the investigation are the inductive deductive and the observation. The results showed that the linkage project analyzed reached the expected impact in the territory due to the involvement of the students and the development of skills by the students given the multidisciplinary nature of the practical activity and the integration of the actors of the society: University, civil society and private business. It is concluded that this activity managed to satisfy the priority demands of the attended sector and complement the social work of the State, potentiating its impact and making the effects of University Social Responsibility sustainable.